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Communications in computer and information science

Entanglement Routing in Large-Scale Quantum Networks with Ground-Space Interconnection

Agathe Blaise, Luca Paccard, Fabrice Arnal, Laurent de Forges de Parny, S. Molin

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-032-13852-1_18

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Quantum networks emerge as fundamental frameworks for addressing various large-scale problems. There are two primary architectures: space-based quantum networks, which deploy satellites with free space channels to interconnect users, and ground-based quantum networks, which utilize optical fibers to interconnect users. In this paper, we explore space-ground integrated quantum networks that incorporate both satellites and optical fibers into the infrastructure. This integrated network features three forms of communication: using only free space links, only ground links, or a hybrid usage of free space and ground links. We formulate the routing problem in space-ground integrated quantum networks as an integer programming and propose two solutions: using linear relaxation or a greedy algorithm. The linear relaxation method allows timely scheduling of additional entanglement purification, whereas the greedy method enables quick scheduling. Simulation results demonstrate their effective balancing between network throughput and communication fidelity.
The Quantum Internet is key for distributed quantum computing, by interconnecting multiple quantum processors into a virtual quantum computation system. This allows for scaling the number of qubits by overcoming the inherent limitations of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Thus, the Quantum Internet is the foundation for large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among the distributed architectures, quantum data centres emerge as the most viable in the medium term, since they integrate multiple quantum processors within a localized network infrastructure, by allowing modular design of quantum networking. We analyse the physical and topological constraints of quantum data centres, by emphasizing the role of entanglement orchestrators in dynamically reconfiguring network topologies through local operations. We examine the major hardware challenge of quantum transduction, essential for interfacing heterogeneous quantum systems. Furthermore, we explore how interconnecting multiple Quantum Data Centres could enable large-scale quantum networks. We discuss the topological constraints of such a scaling and identify open challenges, including entanglement routing and synchronization. The analysis positions quantum data centres as both a practical implementation platform and strategic framework for the future quantum internet. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Bits, neurons and qubits for sustainable AI'.