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Photonic Network Communications

Physical layer authentication of FSO communication using BER measurement

Hu Zhang, Dongfei Wang, Xiaokun Yang, Xiangqing Wang, Jiahui Wang, Yang Cui

Published Oct 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11107-026-01052-3

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To address credential cloning and limited auditability in passive optical networks (PONs), we present a simulation-based proof of concept for access authentication that integrates distance-conditioned bit-error-rate (BER) fingerprinting with a permissioned blockchain.A BER-distance reference template is constructed under registered link conditions.During authentication, normalized deviations between real-time pre-forward-error-correction BER and registered references serve as channel fingerprints for physical-layer authentication, while an adaptive threshold, calibrated on simulated legitimate observations, assesses physical-path consistency.Nonce-bound signed measurement evidence supports auditable authorization through practical Byzantine fault tolerance consensus.On an independent simulated test set, the validation-selected threshold yields a false rejection rate of 0.493% and a false acceptance rate of 0.019%; the uncertainty-scaled, relative, and absolute BER-deviation measures yield area under the curve values of 0.99999, 0.99990, and 0.90524, respectively.The results support feasibility under the modeled conditions; hardware validation remains necessary, and compensation attacks limit BER-based discrimination.

Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics•Oct 21, 2026•0 citations
Physical layer authentication is an important way to ensure the security of optical communication network. We hereby propose a scheme to realize it by measuring the variation of the bit error rate (BER) on both sides of communication. In this scheme, the legitimacy of the receiver is identified by analyzing the BER variation of the optical fiber loop based on the short-term correlation of the channels. We then simulate a 16 PSK optical transmission system with intensity modulation direct detection-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (IMDD-OFDM). The authentication effect is analyzed in the case of disturbance and beam split, as well as replacement of optical fiber channels caused by eavesdropper (Eve). The results show that this scheme is sensitive to the three kinds of attacks. A high probability of detection (PD) and a low false alarm rate (FAR) can be obtained. The experimental results show that with the increase of the frequency test, PD and FAR tend to be stable, and the authentication effect is better with the accuracy rate 100%.
Hybrid Radio Frequency (RF) and Free Space Optics (FSO) communication systems represent a promising solution for modern communication challenges, offering the robustness of RF and the high data rates of FSO. As these systems become increasingly important in applications ranging from last-mile connectivity to satellite communication, ensuring their security, particularly at the physical layer, has emerged as a critical concern. This survey explores the state of the art in physical layer security (PLS) for mixed RF-FSO systems, highlighting key techniques, challenges, and solutions. We also outline future research directions to enhance the security and performance of these hybrid communication systems. By integrating insights from the latest research, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape and future potential of PLS in mixed RF-FSO systems.
To address credential cloning and limited auditability in passive optical networks (PONs), we present a simulation-based proof of concept for access authentication that integrates distance-conditioned bit-error-rate (BER) fingerprinting with a permissioned blockchain.A BER-distance reference template is constructed under registered link conditions.During authentication, normalized deviations between real-time pre-forward-error-correction BER and registered references serve as channel fingerprints for physical-layer authentication, while an adaptive threshold, calibrated on simulated legitimate observations, assesses physical-path consistency.Nonce-bound signed measurement evidence supports auditable authorization through practical Byzantine fault tolerance consensus.On an independent simulated test set, the validation-selected threshold yields a false rejection rate of 0.493% and a false acceptance rate of 0.019%; the uncertainty-scaled, relative, and absolute BER-deviation measures yield area under the curve values of 0.99999, 0.99990, and 0.90524, respectively.The results support feasibility under the modeled conditions; hardware validation remains necessary, and compensation attacks limit BER-based discrimination.