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The MEEF Model-Based Explanation of Wave–Particle Duality and the Double-Slit Experiment

Mohammad Reza Movahed Shariat Panahi

Published Oct 14, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This paper, based on the Movahed Energy Escape Factor (MEEF), explains wave–particle duality and the double-slit experiment within the confinement picture: unobserved energy propagates as an unconfined wave, while measurement confines the energy and produces particle-like behaviour. The Mo transition at measurement is derived, and the de Broglie relation is recovered for confined systems. The framework's account of the collapse of the wavefunction is compared with standard interpretations.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.23353370

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Abstract This paper, based on the Movahed Energy Escape Factor (MEEF), explains wave–particle duality and the double-slit experiment within the confinement picture: unobserved energy propagates as an unconfined wave, while measurement confines the energy and produces particle-like behaviour. The Mo transition at measurement is derived, and the de Broglie relation is recovered for confined systems. The framework's account of the collapse of the wavefunction is compared with standard interpretations.
Abstract The double-slit experiment is a classic experiment that presents the clearest manifestation of wave-particle duality, one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. The double-slit experiment still remains the phenomenon that demonstrates wave-particle duality at the most fundamental level. This phenomenon quantitatively and conceptually demonstrates that microscopic objects can behave like both waves and particles at the same time. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the physical nature of dualism, the mechanism of formation of the interference pattern, and the impact of the act of observation on the dynamics of quantum systems. The need for a new perspective on this topic is due to the fact that the current uncertainty in the interpretation of quantum reality has not yet been completely eliminated, and the boundaries between classical and quantum behavior in microscopic objects are still being explored. The results presented here restructure the deep mechanisms of the interference picture, more clearly frame the relationship between observation and wavefunction collapse, and provide a quantum. Since the article attempts to provide a complete answer to the mechanism of the formation of wave-particle duality, extensive space is given to sections such as historical development, theoretical models, modern research, etc. New approaches to this phenomenon have been developed using modern research and string theory. As a result, a new mathematical expression has been proposed that explains the reasons for the initial emergence of wave-particle duality, and is also important for string theory. The article explains the measurement problem with a more effective physical structure and ontological model.
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The double-slit experiment demonstrates the quantum physics particle-wave duality problem. Over the last decades many interpretations were introduced to the quantum theory perception problem. In most cases there was use of unclear terms, or obscure processes in these interpretations, such as particle splitting. In this paper we propose a novel concept to explain the experiment based on two postulates: The Equivalence of Form (EoF), and the particles connection to other particles, effectively functioning as a group. These two condi-tions are necessary to maintain wave qualities in the collective relations, and therefore cannot exist in a sin-gle particle. De Broglie introduced the mathematical relation of particle to wave; however, he did not specify the conditions for that. The proposed interpretation is a new way of looking at particles as a united group, the Kevutsa, which has a higher order level of matter. A series of identical particles maintain additional qualities to show a large united, correlated motion that we observe as waves transport through systems.
This work proposes a minimal ontological framework for interpreting wave–particle duality as a boundary-sensitive manifestation of quantum phenomena on an underlying, physically real but unobservable background. Rather than treating wave-like and particle-like behaviors as competing physical entities, the framework interprets them as distinct modes of manifestation determined by global boundary conditions. Motivated by interference experiments such as the double-slit setup, the study argues that experimental outcomes depend on boundary-induced modifications of a background structure beyond the local particle path. Within this view, wave-like interference corresponds to a nonlocal manifestation shaped by boundary conditions, while particle-like detection corresponds to localized manifestation events at measurement. The proposed interpretation preserves the standard quantum formalism while offering a realist, boundary-centered conceptual perspective that avoids observer-dependent collapse or multi-path particle propagation. The manuscript is provided as a preprint to invite open scientific discussion and critical evaluation.
Abstract Young’s double-slit experiment played a crucial role in establishing the wave nature of light. In this chapter, the shocking result that incident electrons yield a similar interference pattern as that formed by light waves is described. It is shown that the only way the experimental results could be explained is via a wavefunction description of electrons. It is also shown that the interference fringes disappear if the which-path information becomes available. This is the essence of wave–particle duality. The first of the Einstein–Bohr debates on wave–particle duality and Bohr’s principle of complementarity in the double-slit experiment are also discussed. The counterintuitive notions of delayed choice and quantum eraser effects showing how the availability or erasure of information generated in the future can affect how the data in the present can be interpreted are presented. Quantum interference is responsible for novel phenomena like interaction-free measurement and counterfactual communication.
The double-slit experiment has stood for a century as the paradigmatic demonstration of quantum superposition: the standard interpretation holds that a particle passes through both slits simultaneously, existing in a superposition of two spatially separated states. This paper proposes a physically distinct alternative: the particle's matter wave — a real physical wave propagating through space in accordance with de Broglie's relation λ = h/p — passes through both slits, while the particle itself (matter) remains in an undetermined state until a constructive interference maximum is formed at the detection screen. The particle does not simultaneously occupy two locations; the wave does. This distinction eliminates the need for superposition as an ontological commitment while fully reproducing the observed interference pattern. We further show that the disappearance of the interference pattern upon which-path measurement is explained without invoking wavefunction collapse: the measurement interaction redirects the matter wave to a single-slit geometry, eliminating the two-wave interference condition. Three experimentally testable predictions distinguish this framework from the standard interpretation: (1) weak-measurement trajectory reconstruction should reveal single particle paths inconsistent with simultaneous two-slit passage; (2) diffraction fringe spacing should depend on the mass density of the slit material, because denser slit edges generate a steeper refractive-index gradient for the matter wave; (3) the fringe pattern should exhibit a density-dependent phase shift measurable with current matter-wave interferometry technology. This reinterpretation requires no new mathematical formalism — the Schrödinger equation and Born's rule are retained — but replaces the ontological claim of simultaneous multi-location existence with the physically consistent picture of matter-wave propagation through an undetermined-state particle.