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IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering

A System-Level Design Framework for Rydberg-Atom Quantum Receivers: End-to-End Input-Output Modeling, Noise-Aware Sensitivity, and Communication Performance

Weichao Gao, Jinyun Wu, Peiyun Cheng, Bo Wu, Hao Zhang, Fuquan Li, Yinfa Zhang, Jian Yang

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/tqe.2026.3742857

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Physical layer security (PLS) provides information-theoretic confidentiality for next-generation wireless systems, yet its practical deployment is fundamentally constrained by the sensitivity and noise characteristics of classical radio receivers. Recent advances in quantum sensing, particularly Rydberg atom-based receivers (RAQRs), present a promising approach to address these limitations. This paper introduces a Rydberg atomic quantum multiple-input multiple-output (RAQ-MIMO) architecture for secure multi-user uplink communications, where an array of Rydberg vapor cells functions as a high-sensitivity, reconfigurable receiving front-end. We develop a comprehensive end-to-end signal and channel model that incorporates quantum sensor response, wireless fading, and eavesdropper behavior under passive interception. To maximize the achievable secrecy rate, we propose a joint optimization framework that adaptively tunes key system degrees of freedom, including the Rabi frequency of the local oscillator, phase configuration, digital combining matrix, and user transmit power. Extensive simulations validate that RAQ-MIMO substantially outperforms classical MIMO in terms of secrecy rate across varying transmission distances, power budgets, and user loads—particularly under low-signal to noise ratio (SNR) and extended-range regimes. Our work establishes a quantum-sensing-assisted security foundation for future high-assurance wireless networks, bridging atomic physics with scalable communication system design with scalable communication system design under narrowband operation.
Rydberg-atom quantum receivers (RAQRs) offer highly sensitive RF reception, but their communication performance depends jointly on atomic response, optical transduction, receiver noise, bandwidth, and wireless-channel conditions. This paper develops a BER-aware communication-theoretic framework for superheterodyne RAQR-assisted wireless communication, linking four-level Rydberg-atom dynamics and coherent optical detection to multipath propagation and digital communication performance. Closed-form instantaneous and average SNR and BER expressions are derived for square Gray-coded MMM-QAM over correlated Rayleigh fading. The RAQR operating point is then jointly optimized over atomic, optical, RF, and geometric parameters using analytical block-wise updates within a fixed-point procedure subject to physical and bandwidth constraints. Numerical results demonstrate substantial gains in low-power reception, bandwidth utilization, robustness to detuning, fading and delay spread, outage, and communication coverage compared with conventional, advanced, and fixed-point RAQR receivers. The results demonstrate that BER-aware joint optimization translates the intrinsic sensitivity of Rydberg-atom sensing into tangible communication-level gains.
Rydberg atom-based antennas exploit the quantum properties of highly excited Rydberg atoms, providing unique advantages over classical antennas, such as high sensitivity, broad frequency range, and low intrinsic noise. Despite the increasing interests in their applications in antenna and communication engineering, some key properties, involving the lack of polarization multiplexing and isotropic reception without mutual coupling, remain unexplored in the analysis of Rydberg atom-based multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) communications. Generally, the design considerations for any antenna, even for atomic ones, can be extracted to factors, such as radiation pattern, efficiency, and polarization, allowing them to be seamlessly integrated into existing system models. In this letter, we extract the antenna properties from relevant quantum characteristics, enabling electromagnetic modeling and capacity analysis of Rydberg MIMO systems in both far-field and near-field scenarios. Focusing on spatial multiplexing performance under the same signal-to-noise level, our results indicate that Rydberg atom-based antenna arrays offer certain advantages over classical dipole-type arrays in single-polarization MIMO communications.