Abstract This review examines the fundamental physical principles of gyroscopic devices based on quantum optics: nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes and matter (de Broglie) waves gyroscopes, i.e., atomic interferometers based on laser-cooled atoms.
Matter–wave interferometry dates from the inception of quantum mechanics, i.e., the early electron diffraction experiments. More recent neutron interferometry experiments have yielded new insights into many fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. Presently, atom interferometry has been demonstrated and holds promise as a new field of optics – matter–wave optics. This field is particularly interesting since the potential sensitivity of matter–wave interferometers far exceeds that of their light-wave or ‘photon’ antecedents. In this chapter we consider the physics of light-induced forces on the center-of-mass motion of atoms and their application to atom optics (Fig. 17.1). The most obvious being the recoil associated with the emission and absorption of light. This ‘radiation pressure’ is the basis for laser induced cooling. Another very important mechanical effect is the gradient force due to, e.g., transverse variation in the laser beam. These, essentially semiclassical, forces are useful in guiding and trapping neutral atoms. After considering the basic forces which allow us to cool, guide, and trap atoms, we turn to the optics of atomic center-of-mass de Broglie waves, i.e., atom optics. In keeping with the spirit of the present text, we will focus on the quantum limits to matter–wave interferometry. An analysis of a matter–wave gyro in an obvious extension of the laser gyro and the similarity and relative merits of the two will be compared and contrasted. Finally we derive the “recoil limit” to laser cooling; and show that it is possible to supersede this limit via atomic coherence effects.
In recent years, developments in quantum sensing, laser, and atomic sensor technologies have also enabled advancement in the field of quantum navigation. Atomic-based gyroscopes have emerged as one of the most critical atomic sensors in this respect. In this review, a brief technology statement of spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) type atomic comagnetometer gyroscope (CG) is presented. Related studies in the literature have been gathered, and the fundamental compositions of CGs with technical basics are presented. A comparison of SERF and NMR CGs is provided. A basic simulation of SERF CG was carried out because of its high theoretic bias stability limit. Besides, some highly critical challenges for CGs were examined and reported with compensation methods. The objective of this review is to offer a guide for researchers to develop high-precision atomic gyroscopes and to encourage further research.
Abstract The possibility of interferometry with atoms follows directly from wave particle duality. The wave-like propagation of particles, such as atoms, means that they undergo interference and diffraction in an analogous way to light. This chapter explains how such matter waves have been used in interferometers that measure rotation and gravitational acceler ation to a precision comparable with the best optical instruments. As in many important developments in physics, atom interferometry relies on simple principles-the first part of this chapter uses only elementary optics and the de Broglie relation.