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Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development

A Comparative Study for New Aspects to Quantum Key Distribution

Siddeeq Y. Ameen, Salih H. Ali

Published Mar 1, 2007• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum cryptography is anew branch of physics and cryptography which exploit quantum mechanical phenomena to guarantee the secrecy of cryptographic keys. This paper introduces the basic concepts, problems and methods of quantum key distribution. It introduces some basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and explains how these physical laws can be used in cryptography. The basic protocols of quantum cryptographic used for key distribution based on entangled polarization photons pair are also presented and assessed. The well known concepts based on entangled pairs of photons (Ekert) schemes are presented. In these schemes Alice and Bob perform measurements on each photon along one of two, three or four directions given by unit vectors and (i, j = 1, 2, 3,4) respectively. Therefore the combinations are used from Alice and Bob is four, nine, or sixteen with respect to number of measurement directions (i = 2, 3 or 4) respectively. The analysis and comparative study between these versions are presented

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Quantum cryptography is anew branch of physics and cryptography which exploit quantum mechanical phenomena to guarantee the secrecy of cryptographic keys. This paper introduces the basic concepts, problems and methods of quantum key distribution. It introduces some basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and explains how these physical laws can be used in cryptography. The basic protocols of quantum cryptographic used for key distribution based on entangled polarization photons pair are also presented and assessed. The well known concepts based on entangled pairs of photons (Ekert) schemes are presented. In these schemes Alice and Bob perform measurements on each photon along one of two, three or four directions given by unit vectors and (i, j = 1, 2, 3,4) respectively. Therefore the combinations are used from Alice and Bob is four, nine, or sixteen with respect to number of measurement directions (i = 2, 3 or 4) respectively. The analysis and comparative study between these versions are presented
Quantum cryptography is anew branch of physics and cryptography which exploit quantum mechanical phenomena to guarantee the secrecy of cryptographic keys. This paper introduces the basic concepts, problems and methods of quantum key distribution. It introduces some basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and explains how these physical laws can be used in cryptography. The basic protocols of quantum cryptographic used for key distribution based on entangled polarization photons pair are also presented and assessed. The well known concepts based on entangled pairs of photons (Ekert) schemes are presented. In these schemes Alice and Bob perform measurements on each photon along one of two, three or four directions given by unit vectors and (i, j = 1, 2, 3,4) respectively. Therefore the combinations are used from Alice and Bob is four, nine, or sixteen with respect to number of measurement directions (i = 2, 3 or 4) respectively. The analysis and comparative study between these versions are presented
Quantum cryptography provides secret communication, which offers various security factors like confidentiality, integrity, and authentication assurance based on the law of physics. The law of physics states that quantum computing can also be applied into the communication sector, which is particularly in the field of cryptography. Then quantum can significantly distribute the data securely by applying quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum key sharing, etc. In the classical cryptography, it is difficult to compute secret keys using security concepts like key exchange and authentication, etc., and it fails to provide adequate protection during data communication as it needs some effective computation in terms of security. The lack of security in the data communication can be overcome by using the concept of quantum computing. Generally, in quantum computing, elementary quantum systems like polarized photons are used to transmit digital information based on the principle of uncertainty as it gives rise to a significant phenomenon of effective security in terms of communication compared to existing concepts related to cryptography. In quantum computing, the detection ratio for identifying the data which are sent through a communication channel is more difficult as it uses qubits and photons to represent the data that are sent. Quantum channels are used to distribute the information between two users as it passes through the unprotected classical channels as it is unknown to anyone else. Assuming that Alice and Bob use a latent noise channel to send a key, reconciliation is the process of correcting errors between Alice and Bob’s version of the key. This is done by public discussion, which leaks some information about the secret key to an undercover. This chapter gives a discussion on QKD concepts as it helps to provide a secure communication, where the information is broadcasting through a quantum channel. Finally, the various existing quantum protocols are described in relation to some security measures based on QKD, and the standard QKD protocol of BB84 is discussed.
Quantum cryptography renders a cryptographic solution which is imperishable as it fortifies prime secrecy that is applied to quantum public key distribution. It is a prominent technology wherein two entities can communicate securely with the sights of quantum physics. In classical cryptography, bits are used to encode information where as quantum cryptography i.e. quantum computer uses photons or quantum particles and photon's polarization which is their quantized properties to encode the information. This is represented in qubits which is the unit for quantum cryptography. The transmissions are secure as it is depended on the inalienable quantum mechanics laws. The emphasis of this paper is to mark the rise of quantum cryptography, its elements, quantum key distribution protocols and quantum networks.
Cryptography is age old technique used for secret communication of messages. Quantum cryptography is providing cryptographic solutions based on laws of quantum physics. Quantum public key distribution is prominent solution using which two parties can communicate securely using quantum physics. Heisenberg uncertainty principle, no cloning theorem and photon polarization are used as basic properties for quantum key distribution. Photons are basic quantum particles and they are quantized for encryption. They are also known as qubits. This paper discusses concepts behind quantum key distribution and how it is secure against eavesdropper and future advances in technology.
With the rapid development of quantum computers the currently secure cryptographic protocols may not stay that way. Quantum mechanics provides means to create an inherently secure communication channel that is protected by the laws of physics and not by the computational hardness of certain mathematical problems. This paper is a non-technical overview of quantum key distribution, one of the most well-known application of quantum cryptography, a type of cryptography poised to exploit the laws of quantum mechanics directly.
Quantum Cryptography is a novel approach to make the information and network world more secure. Unlike classical cryptography, quantum cryptography ensures the security of communication because it is based on the laws of Quantum Mechanics; a branch of physics that deals with the fundamental behavior of matter and their energies to the levels of subatomic particles. These particles and their intrinsic properties such as photon polarization and entanglement allow us to develop an unbreakable system of cryptographic information. Conventionally, the security has been primarily concerned with the secured distribution of secret key carried over an insecure channel. However, in Quantum Cryptographic systems the transmission of secret key is done using aforementioned laws of nature through a secured quantum channel highly susceptible to intrusion detection. Consequently, the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), in conjunction with protocols such as BB84 protocol has emerged as an ultimate modern secured communication system. This article concentrates on briefly reviewing quantum cryptography, some recent developments and reports of its vulnerabilities.