London Journal of Research in Science Natural & Formal
Review of Fundamentals of Covariant Quantum Mechanics in the Dual 4- Dimensional Space-Time : Substance of Wave Function, the Origin of Quantum Probability and the Cause of Quantum Superposition State
Microscopic objects have some spatial distribution, which influences quantum phenomena. The particle model does not apply to the microworld. In this work, we use a rotating field matter sphere model. The size of the sphere change along with the movement state, harmonized with special relativity. Thus, we independently construct a dual 4-dimensional space-time to describe the microscopic quantum phenomenon and established the objective reality of plural description, which has obvious theoretical advantages. In the dual 4-dimensional space-time, the wave function describes matter waves as physical waves. Which is the physical basis of quantum communication. Quantum probability originates from the tangible structure and matter density distribution of the microscopic objects and is reflected in the transformation of space-time. Matter waves and probability waves can be transformed by using Fourier transformation. Keywords: field matter sphere; model; matter wave; quantum probability; origin; transformation
Microscopic objects have some spatial distribution, which influences quantum phenomena. The particle model does not apply to the microworld. In this work, we use a rotating field matter sphere model. The size of the sphere change along with the movement state, harmonized with special relativity. Thus, we independently construct a dual 4-dimensional space-time to describe the microscopic quantum phenomenon and established the objective reality of plural description, which has obvious theoretical advantages. In the dual 4-dimensional space-time, the wave function describes matter waves as physical waves. Which is the physical basis of quantum communication. Quantum probability originates from the tangible structure and matter density distribution of the microscopic objects and is reflected in the transformation of space-time. Matter waves and probability waves can be transformed by using Fourier transformation. Keywords: field matter sphere; model; matter wave; quantum probability; origin; transformation
This book “Foundation of quantum mechanics in Dual 4-dimension space-time——The spacetime origin of quantum probability,” is a new exploration discussing the physical foundations of quantum mechanics. It contains two parts. One is the interactive realism, the other is the quantum mechanical description of the dual-4 dimensional spacetime. The first one is the philosophical basis of the second. The author thought that the conventional mass-point model is no long proper for the microscopic quantum world. The author used the movement of the rotating matter wave sphere in complex space to deduce the de Broglie matter-wave formula, and pulled the metaphysical hypothesis of the wave function back into the real physical realism. A matte wave is the physical wave, and it has potential applications. The matter wave transfers in the dual-4 dimensional complex space-time, and the complex number enters the cognition domain of space-time intrinsically. The author pointed out that, the state of a moving microscopic object is the combination of its eigen-states from quantum slicing, coherent hence; after quantum measurement, projected into the real 4-dimensional space-time and showing a probability distribution of point particles. Before and after the quantum measurement, the object is not in the same cognition level, nor the same physical space-time, and the Hilbert space is just their common math application space. The quantum measurement induces the transition of the microscopic object in space-time, manifestation, physical model, and theoretical structure, and the quantum probability comes from the space distribution of the field matter sphere, representing the transition from dual-4 complex to real 4-dimensional space-time, and the sphere to the point model. Physical phenomena, phenomenal entity, physical space-time, physical model, and theoretical structure all must consist intrinsically in logic. These are changing with the change of human cognition, embodying the unity of the human being and the nature. Dual-4 dimensional space-time quantum mechanics gives the wave function the physical realism. So, the concepts of the quantum entanglement, quantum communication and quantum teleportation all may be clarified and understood physically. The book is self-consistent with detailed justification, wherein the interactive realism concept is a new innovation.
Micro-object is both particle and wave, so the traditional Particle Model (mass point model) is actually not applicable for it. Here to describe its motion, we expand the definition of time and space and pick up the spatial degrees of freedom hidden by particle model. We say that micro-object is like a rolling field-matter-ball, which has four degrees of freedom including one surface curvature degree and three mapping degrees in the three-dimensional phenomenal space. All the degrees are described by four curvature coordinate components, namely “k1, k2, k3, k4”, which form the imaginary part of a complex phase space, respectively. While as to the real part, we use “x1, x2, x3, x4” to describe the micro object’s position in our real space. Consequently, we build a Dual 4-dimensional complex phase space whose imaginary part is 4-dimension k space and real part is 4-dimension x space to describe the micro-object’s motion. Furthermore, we say that wave function can describe the information of a field-matter-ball’s rotation & motion and also matter-wave can spread the information of micro-object’s spatial structure & density distribution. Matter-wave and probability-wave can transform to each other though matter-wave is a physical wave. The non-point property is the foundational source of the probability in Quantum Mechanics.
Spin is the inherent attribute of the micro-object. Micro-object can be understood as a rotating matter ball which is limited in a certain spatial distribution that can not be appropriately abstracted as a particle in the mi- cro-environment. The rotation frequency is defined by Eh , radius of curvature is defined by R p . Mi- cro-object exists in the dual 4-dimensional complex space-time. The rotation and movement of the micro-object gener- ate matter waves. Information of space structure and matter field density distribution of the micro-object can be propa- gated by matter waves. The establishment of complex space-time curvature coordinate is a geometric matter of mi- cro-object itself (geometry of matter). Matter waves are real. Matter field density distribution and probability distribu- tion of micro-object can be mutual mapped, micro-object can not be appropriately abstracted as a particle and its rotat- ing and vibration are the physical source of micro-object probability event in quantum measurement.
The matter-wave is a physical wave rather than a probability wave. Free micro object transforms from the whole gauge to the local gauge, and then brings in specification field by covariant derivative, reflects interaction between field and micro object, but it has counteract effect of realizing gauge invariance in order to restore the free state of the micro object. The steady state wave function ( ) ψ x can be decomposed into the superstition of all kinds states of free movement of the micro object, namely, the eigen state ( ) ψ n x (plane wave). The system building for eigen state is inertial system. By analyzing the relationship between each eigen state, we can get the new relation between each inertial system thus we may get the transformation from inertial system to noninertial system. This work would pave a new understanding way for unifying the Quantum Mechanism and the Theory of relativity.
物质波是物理波，不是概率波。自由微观客体从整体规范变换过渡到局域规范变换，通过协变导数引进规范场，尽管体现了场与微观客体的相互作用，但那是让微观客体恢复自由状态，实现规范不变性引进的抵消作用。定态波函数Ψ(x)可以分解成微观客体的各种自由运动状态——本征态(平面波)Ψn(x)的叠加。建在本征态上的坐标系是惯性系，由本征态之间的关系，将引导出惯性系之间的关系。由此，我们可以从惯性系到非惯性系的转变，为相对论与量子力学的统一找到一条可能的新的认识通道。 The matter-wave is a physical wave rather than a probability wave. Free micro object transforms from the whole gauge to the local gauge, and then brings in specification field by covariant deriva-tive, reflects interaction between field and micro object, but it has counteract effect of realizing gauge invariance in order to restore the free state of the micro object. The steady state wave func-tion Ψ(x) can be decomposed into the superstition of all kinds states of free movement of the micro object, namely, the eigen state Ψn(x) (plane wave). The system building for eigen state is inertial system. By analyzing the relationship between each eigen state, we can get the new relation between each inertial system thus we may get the transformation from inertial system to noninertial system. This work would pave a new understanding way for unifying the Quantum Mechanism and the Theory of relativity.
Abstract The theoretical results of quantum mechanics (QM) have been verified by experiments, but the probabilistic Copenhagen interpretation is still controversial, and many counterintuitive phenomena are still difficult to understand. To trace the origin of probability in QM, we construct the superimposed amplitudes of a space-time position in a multiparticle quantum objective system and find that the probability in QM originates from the particle number distribution rate in a unit volume near position r at time t in the multiparticle quantum objective system. Based on the origin of probability, We find that the state function of an elementary particle (hereinafter called particle for short) has precise physical meaning; that is, the particle periodically and alternately exhibits the particle state and wave state in time and space, obtain the localized and nonlocalized spatiotemporal range of the particle, the apparent trajectory of the particle motion. Based on this, through rigorous mathematical derivation and analysis, we propose new physical interpretations of the quantum superposition state, wave-particle duality, the double-slit experiment, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and the quantum tunnelling effect, and these interpretations are physically logical and not counterintuitive.