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Punjab University Journal of Mathematics

Stability of Bright Solitons in Bose-Einstein Condensate

Muhammad Irfan Qadir, Aleen Ijaz

Published May 17, 2025• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We consider a system of effectively one dimensional cigar shaped Bose Einstein condensate. We present a numerical study for the existence and stability of travelling bright solitons in the time dependent nonlinear Schrodinger equation that describes the dynamics of Bose-Einstein ¨ condensate. Furthermore, the effects of strength of the trap on the stability of bright solitons are investigated when the condensate is placed under the influence of a trapping potential.

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We consider a system of effectively one dimensional cigar shaped Bose Einstein condensate. We present a numerical study for the existence and stability of travelling bright solitons in the time dependent nonlinear Schrodinger equation that describes the dynamics of Bose-Einstein ¨ condensate. Furthermore, the effects of strength of the trap on the stability of bright solitons are investigated when the condensate is placed under the influence of a trapping potential.
The Gross-Pitaevskii equation for a Bose-Einstein condensate confined in an elongated cigar-shaped trap is reduced to an effective system of nonlinear equations depending on only one space coordinate along the trap axis. The radial distribution of the condensate density and its radial velocity are approximated by Gaussian functions with real and imaginary exponents, respectively, with parameters depending on the axial coordinate and time. The effective one-dimensional system is applied to a description of the ground state of the condensate, to dark and bright solitons, to the sound and radial compression waves propagating in a dense condensate, and to weakly nonlinear waves in repulsive condensate. In the low-density limit our results reproduce the known formulas. In the high-density case our description of solitons goes beyond the standard approach based on the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. The dispersion relations for the sound and radial compression waves are obtained in a wide region of values of the condensate density. The Korteweg--de Vries equation for weakly nonlinear waves is derived and the existence of bright solitons on a constant background is predicted for a dense enough condensate with a repulsive interaction between the atoms.
We consider intersite discrete bright solitons in one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate in parabolic trapped optical lattice. Analytical and numerical calculations are performed to determine the existence and stability of bright solitons. Analysis is based on continuous Gross-Pitaevskii equation and discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation. It is observed that the strength of external magnetic trap can change the stability of bright solitons. Stability windows of bright solitons are presented and stability approximations are derived using perturbation theory, with their numerical results.
We investigate dynamical effects of a bright soliton in Bose–Einstein condensed (BEC) systems with local and smooth space variations of the two-body atomic scattering length. It includes a discussion about the possible observation of a new type of standing nonlinear atomic matter wave in cigar-type traps. A rich dynamics is observed in the interaction between the soliton and an inhomogeneity. By considering an analytical time-dependent variational approach and also full numerical simulation of one-dimensional and three-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equations, we study processes such as trapping, reflection and transmission of the bright matter soliton due to the impurity. We also derive conditions for the collapse of the bright solitary wave, considering a quasi-one-dimensional BEC with attractive local inhomogeneity.
We investigate the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensate bright solitons made of alkali-metal atoms with negative scattering length and under harmonic confinement in the transverse direction. Contrary to the one-dimensional (1D) case, the 3D bright soliton exists only below a critical attractive interaction that depends on the extent of confinement. Such a behavior is also found in multisoliton condensates with box boundary conditions. We obtain numerical and analytical estimates of the critical strength beyond which the solitons do not exist. By using an effective 1D nonpolynomial nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, which accurately takes into account the transverse dynamics of cigarlike condensates, we numerically simulate the dynamics of the ``soliton train'' reported in a recent experiment [Nature (London) 417, 150 (2002)]. Then, analyzing the macroscopic quantum tunneling of the bright soliton on a Gaussian barrier, we find that its interference in the tunneling region is strongly suppressed with respect to nonsolitonic case; moreover, the tunneling through a barrier breaks the shape invariance of the matter wave. Finally, we show that the collapse of the soliton is induced by the scattering on the barrier or by the collision with another matter wave when the density reaches a critical value, for which we derive an accurate analytical formula.
The dynamics of a bright—bright vector soliton in cigar-shaped Bose—Einstein condensate trapping in a harmonic potential is studied. The interaction between bright solitons in different species with small separation is derived. Unlike the interaction between solitons of the same species, it is independent of the phase difference between the solitons, and may be of attraction or repulsion. In the former case, each soliton will oscillate about and pass through each other around the mass center of the system, which will also oscillate harmonically due to harmonic trapping potential.