As was Einstein s original idea we suppose that the speed of light is altered in the presence of mass by a change in its dielectric susceptibility. Our explanation of the phenomena of quantum mechanics is a continuation of Einstein search for hidden variables. Mass induces a curvature in spacetime. This has two effects. New volume is created and this would mean that there is not exactly a point particle but matters in a way occupies some volume. Another result is that spacetime becomes cyclic and quantities like the action are quantized because they depend on angles through which the observer witnesses the events.
As was Einstein s original idea we suppose that the speed of light is altered in the presence of mass by a change in its dielectric susceptibility. Our explanation of the phenomena of quantum mechanics is a continuation of Einstein search for hidden variables. Mass induces a curvature in spacetime. This has two effects. New volume is created and this would mean that there is not exactly a point particle but matters in a way occupies some volume. Another result is that spacetime becomes cyclic and quantities like the action are quantized because they depend on angles through which the observer witnesses the events.
In its natural state the electron is represented by superimposed quantum states. This is the phase of linear unitary evolution, or U Phase, described by Schrodinger equation. Whereas, when we carry out a measurement (M), it took place a reduction of the state vectors(R Process): we have the wave function collapse (WFC) of the measured quantum object (QO). The M, thus, produces a big changes on the physical properties of the observed particle. How do these changes happen? What is the secret mechanism which creates the WFC? We don’t know. With this paper we try to introduce a new parameter, induced by the electro-magnetic radiation (EMR), which can help us discern the doubts about the R Process, and try to find a continuity in order to link the U Phase to the R Process, so contrasting at the moment. The new parameter could be a gravity and quantum effect, when we try to make a M of a subatomic object. What is this effect represented by? It is a gravitational effect, since it is a mass-effect, a mechanical action induced by quanta of EMR: therefore, it is also a quantum effect. The photon (P) is indispensable to carry out a M. No M can be carried out without using the EMR. Calculus show that a P of the optic band hits an electron with a dynamic-mass, a radiation pressure, a pushing momentum equal to 1.32510-22[gcm/s]. Thus, we can infer it is a quantum gravitational effect to cause the WFC of the QO undergoing the M. In short, it could be essentially the mechanical action represented by the gravitational mass effect of light’s quanta to induce the WFC and the Measurement’s Paradox and, likely, make a starting point to a Correct Quantum Gravity.
Plank confine energy in quanta and later Heisenberg gave space-time limitations. Schrodinger wave function Ψ express quantum oscillation and Born clarified this wave function |Ψ|² as the probability of presence. Hypothesis of space, interprets the wave function Ψ as oscillatory space produced by the presence of quantized energy. Matter is confined in these quanta environment and its energetic space (quanta volume times its frequency) is related to surrounding space by Einstein equivalence principle. This theory develops a new way to interpret and integrate quantum mechanics with general relativity. Verifying the consistency of this quantumrelativistic interpretation, an explanation is given to the fundamental's ideas, observations and experiments of Modern Physics.
SQM (Statistical QM) is a rigorously no-hidden-variables theory, based on the Schrödinger equation for a non-relativistic case where the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian operator are possible outcomes of total energies, and wavefunctions are corresponding eigenvectors representing probability density (epistemic functions) that the outcome of measurement (in quantum ensemble) will have a particular eigenvalue. So, Schrödinger’s wavefunction can not represent a real individual particle and hence shows that SQM is an incomplete theory as noted by Einstein and de Broglie. Thus, it was necessary to provide the QM theory with missed individual particles theory IQM. The individual massive non-point-like particles in IQM are represented by the 3D rest-mass energy-density topology (like the stars), generating an autogravitational force, and with hidden variables represented by the energy-density flow inside the particle’s finite volume. So, a particle in QM is represented by an ontological complex wavefunction, based on its energy density and the principle of least action.In this paper, based on Noether’s continuity equation of energy-density flow, we take into consideration the ontological version of the Schrödinger equation, where the Hamiltonian operator is substituted by a fundamental classical ontological operator derived from a particle’s hidden variables. Then, we demonstrate how, by quantization of this ontological PDE of a massive particle, we derive the statistical Schrödinger equation with a physical explanation why, in this process, the hidden variables disappear. Finally, we define the classical ensemble of repeated measurements of a real particle with identically prepared measurement systems and derive the Born rule for it.In this way, not only are IQM and SQM two complementary parts of QM, giving the same results as demonstrated previously, but we show that the statistical QM can be derived from the more sophisticated IQM classical theory of individual particles. That is, we obtained the strong completion of Quantum Mechanics.
Through a new interpretation of Special Theory of Relativity and with a model given for physical space, we can find a way to understand the basic principles of Quantum Mechanics consistently from Classical Theory. It is supposed that natural phenomena have a connection with intangible reality which cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, the intangible reality is supposed as vacuum particles -- stationary vacuum electrons as a model. In addition, 4-Dimensional Complex Space is introduced, in which each dimension has an internal complex space.
In the present paper, we attempt to bring to light some of the hidden variables of quantum mechanics by continuing the work of others who introduced constant curvature to spacetime. The article is also a continuation of a previous one [S. Koutandos, Phys. Essays 33, 208 (2020)] published in this journal proving London equations. We find that there is dilation of volume and that mass may have a surface density. Unlike the case of superconductors, however these surfaces collapse to a point. This is where the difficulty in measurement comes from.