Plank confine energy in quanta and later Heisenberg gave space-time limitations. Schrodinger wave function Ψ express quantum oscillation and Born clarified this wave function |Ψ|² as the probability of presence. Hypothesis of space, interprets the wave function Ψ as oscillatory space produced by the presence of quantized energy. Matter is confined in these quanta environment and its energetic space (quanta volume times its frequency) is related to surrounding space by Einstein equivalence principle. This theory develops a new way to interpret and integrate quantum mechanics with general relativity. Verifying the consistency of this quantumrelativistic interpretation, an explanation is given to the fundamental's ideas, observations and experiments of Modern Physics.
Plank confine energy in quanta and later Heisenberg gave space-time limitations. Schrodinger wave function Ψ express quantum oscillation and Born clarified this wave function |Ψ|² as the probability of presence. Hypothesis of space, interprets the wave function Ψ as oscillatory space produced by the presence of quantized energy. Matter is confined in these quanta environment and its energetic space (quanta volume times its frequency) is related to surrounding space by Einstein equivalence principle. This theory develops a new way to interpret and integrate quantum mechanics with general relativity. Verifying the consistency of this quantumrelativistic interpretation, an explanation is given to the fundamental's ideas, observations and experiments of Modern Physics.
Plank confine energy in quanta and later Heisenberg gave space-time limitations. Schrodinger wave function Ψ express quantum oscillation and Born clarified this wave function |Ψ|² as the probability of presence. Hypothesis of space, interprets the wave function Ψ as oscillatory space produced by the presence of quantized energy. Matter is confined in these quanta environment and its energetic space (quanta volume times its frequency) is related to surrounding space by Einstein equivalence principle. This theory develops a new way to interpret and integrate quantum mechanics with general relativity. Verifying the consistency of this quantumrelativistic interpretation, an explanation is given to the fundamental's ideas, observations and experiments of Modern Physics.
Plank confine energy in quanta and later Heisenberg gave space-time limitations. Schrodinger wave function Ψ express quantum oscillation and Born clarified this wave function |Ψ|² as the probability of presence. Hypothesis of space, interprets the wave function Ψ as oscillatory space produced by the presence of quantized energy. Matter is confined in these quanta environment and its energetic space (quanta volume times its frequency) is related to surrounding space by Einstein equivalence principle. This theory develops a new way to interpret and integrate quantum mechanics with general relativity. Verifying the consistency of this quantumrelativistic interpretation, an explanation is given to the fundamental's ideas, observations and experiments of Modern Physics.
Abstract Quantum mechanics and relativity are extraordinarily successful mathematical theories, yet their conventional physical interpretations rely on substantially different conceptual frameworks. The Theory of Space (TS) proposes a fourth dimension defined by the Planck-related interval, with interpreted as a longitudinal dimension associated with energy (cτ), rather than as the conventional Minkowski spacetime interval. This fourth dimension does not coexist continuously with the observable three spatial dimensions as a conventional four-dimensional manifold. Instead, TS proposes an oscillatory existence between observable 3D presence and a non-observable fourth-dimensional phase. Through this oscillation, the quantum system undergoes repeated dimensional projection into observable 3D, with individual eigenstates manifested probabilistically while the underlying quantum state continues to evolve. Within this framework, phenomena including measurement, the Born rule, the arrow of time, entropy, entanglement, tunneling, and Bell-type correlations acquire a common physical interpretation. Heisenberg uncertainty and non-commutativity are interpreted as consequences of physical parameters associated with different phases of the dimensional oscillation and therefore not simultaneously manifested within the same 3D instance. TS further distinguishes between the quantum system’s spatial component and its compact physical entity. Their coexistence within the complete system provides a proposed physical basis for quantum interference and phase-dependent phenomena, including the double-slit experiment and the path-integral description of quantum evolution. As an extension of the model, TS proposes that the periodic displacement and replacement of quantum space generate a pulsed inward spatial flow. This mechanism provides a possible basis for a quantized gravitational interaction and suggests that gravitational energy may be represented by a positive contribution. Related developments, including spiral spatial flows, follow naturally from the same dimensional-oscillation mechanism. The Theory of Space therefore seeks to provide a common conceptual framework for quantum, relativistic, and gravitational phenomena without replacing the established mathematical equations that successfully reproduce experimental observations. The present work develops this framework and invites critical examination of its assumptions, physical implications, and potential experimental consequences. Keywords: relativity; Lorentz transformation; quantum superposition; quantum superposition; collapse; entanglement; quantum gravity
This chapter starts with the historical development of quantum mechanics and explanations of key concepts behind fundamental discoveries such as Planck's hypothesis, the photoelectric effect, Bohr's atomic model, Compton scattering, the de Broglie hypothesis, the Pauli exclusion principle, the Schrödinger equation, Heisenberg quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle, the Born interpretation of wave function, the Davisson and Germer experiment, and Dirac relativistic quantum mechanics, which made important contributions to the foundation of modern quantum mechanics. Concepts like the particle properties of radiation, the wave properties of matter, quantized energy and momentum, and the idea that one can no longer know exactly where a single particle like an electron is at any instant of time are brought out clearly through this chapter. A list of important quantum mechanical parameters along with solved examples and unsolved exercises on the key concepts are included towards the end.
It is the matter of fact that quantum mechanics operates with notions that are not determined in the frame of the mechanics' formalism. Among them we can call the notion of "wave-particle" (that, however, does not appear in both classical and high energy physics), the probabilistic interpretation of the Schroedinger wave ψ-function and hence the probability amplitude and its phase, long-range action, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, the passage to the so-called operators of physical values, etc. Orthodox quantum mechanics was constructed as a physical theory developed in the phase space of the mentioned notions. That is why the formalism of quantum mechanics is aimed only at detailed calculations of the stationary states of the energy of the quantum system studied and is not able to describe a real path running by the system in the real space; instead, the formalism gives an averaged probabilistic prediction. Thus, if we are able to develop quantum mechanics in the real space, an option to clarify all the difficulties associated with the above notions would appear. Such a theory of quantum mechanics developed in the real space in fact has recently been constructed by the author. The theory started from deeper first principles, namely, from the consideration of the notion of a 4D space-time. So, the notion of fundamental particle, the principles of the motion of a particle and other characteristics have been made clear. The theory, rather a submicroscopic one, is characterized by short-range action that automatically means the introduction of a new kind of carriers, i.e. carriers of the quantum mechanical force. The existence of the carriers called "inertons" (because they carry inert properties of matter) has indeed been verified in a number of experiments.
Aiming at the quantum mechanics wave function description probability feature, statistical interpretation, randomicity, uncertainty, nonlocality and agnosticism etc fundamental principles and concepts, based on the mass-space interaction, mass-space space-time view, microscopic mass-energy systems correlating with space-time model etc principles and theories, and the quantum entanglement particle experiments etc facts, present the matter-ordering-energy conservation laws and the Dong Pei innovating group interpretation of quantum mechanics. Simultaneously indicate: In the universe there exists the ordering- and disordering-energy matter, together known as matter. Existing the absolute space and absolute time. The absolute space-time is continuous. Matter and the absolute space-time together create and compose the objective world. The objective world is a harmonious and unified whole. Physical laws are completely unified. The objective world and matter are all finite. Matter exists, evolves and moves in the absolute space-time. Interactions are the most essential and most root basic attribute of matter. The interaction among matter is the mass-space interaction. The mass-space interaction is continuous and stable, is not random and intermittent. Macroscopic and microscopic regions all observe the identical physical laws. Elementary particles and they compose the microscopic mass-energy systems are all the ordering-energy matter, their mass-energy space-time is a interdependent whole, their feature, state, structure and motion laws are all entirely determined by the mass-space interaction, correspond with the determinism and causality, the motion state and feature, motion orbitals, position and speed of particles in the absolute space-time are all absolutely determined and could be measured exactly, their quantum states could be approximately described by the wave function of quantum mechanics. The wave functions are the simplified mathematical function approximate expression of quantum system states of adopted interaction, can be used to calculate the correlative physical quantities. The wave functions could approximately describe the state of the mass-energy space-time whole of a microscopic mass-energy system with the mass-space interaction acting and continuously moving. An eigenstate just is the state making the system energy minimum and in rather stable existence. Scientific theories are the abstract simplified approximate expression for the essential of natural phenomena. Physical theory is the abstract simplified approximate representation for the matter structure and its motion laws. Whereas the mathematical formulation then is the further simplified approximate representation for physical contents. All of theories, include quantum mechanics and relativity, only when the assumed approximate condition is satisfied, just are the applied correct scientific theory, could describe the objective world good enough but not exactly. Develop scientific theory, correctly cognize and reasonably interpret the objective world, without the end.