The no-signaling theorem asserts that quantum entanglement cannot be used to transmitcontrollable information between spacelike-separated parties, preserving relativistic causality Peres [1995]. This paper introduces the Minimalist Event-Based Theory of Information(MEBTI), which defines information as the reliable detection of a binary event deliberately triggered or not triggered at will by an agent. Under MEBTI, we re-evaluate theno-signaling theorem’s universality, arguing that its reliance on classical definitions of information (e.g., Shannon’s ensemble statistics or von Neumann’s state uncertainty Nielsenand Chuang [2000]) renders it ontologically limited. MEBTI bypasses these constraints byfocusing on single, agent-triggered events, challenging the theorem’s applicability to all conceivable definitions of information. While the theorem remains a valid physical constraintwithin standard quantum mechanics, we propose new experiments designed under MEBTIto empirically test whether instantaneous information transmission via entanglement is possible, potentially reshaping our understanding of quantum non-locality
The no-signaling theorem asserts that quantum entanglement cannot be used to transmitcontrollable information between spacelike-separated parties, preserving relativistic causality Peres [1995]. This paper introduces the Minimalist Event-Based Theory of Information(MEBTI), which defines information as the reliable detection of a binary event deliberately triggered or not triggered at will by an agent. Under MEBTI, we re-evaluate theno-signaling theorem’s universality, arguing that its reliance on classical definitions of information (e.g., Shannon’s ensemble statistics or von Neumann’s state uncertainty Nielsenand Chuang [2000]) renders it ontologically limited. MEBTI bypasses these constraints byfocusing on single, agent-triggered events, challenging the theorem’s applicability to all conceivable definitions of information. While the theorem remains a valid physical constraintwithin standard quantum mechanics, we propose new experiments designed under MEBTIto empirically test whether instantaneous information transmission via entanglement is possible, potentially reshaping our understanding of quantum non-locality
DISCLAIMER: PRELIMINARY DRAFT VERSION This manuscript represents a preliminary working draft (Version 1.0.0, August 2026) published for community discussion, peer review, and early feedback. The theoretical frameworks, mathematical derivations, and arguments presented herein are subject to ongoing refinement. The author welcomes constructive feedback, technical audits, and collaborative review. Abstract & Executive Summary A Minimalistic Theory of Quantized Information* introduces a minimalist, first-principles reformulation of information and its transmission across classical and quantum mechanical domains. Rather than viewing information through probabilistic ensembles, continuous waveforms, or signal propagation, this work reduces information to its indivisible unit: a structureless, 1-bit event (presence = 1, absence = 0) occurring within a synchronized clock interval. By shifting focus from complex probabilistic message encoding to direct event detection, the framework demonstrates that standard classical formalisms (Shannon entropy, Gabor time-frequency bounds, and von Neumann entropy) naturally emerge as statistical aggregations of discrete events. In the quantum domain, transmission transforms into **Instantaneous Manifestation of State Change (IMSC)** governed by the Operational Axiom of Entanglement: a local classical action on one part of an entangled system instantaneously and deterministically manifests as a corresponding change on a spatially separated part. Key Contributions & Theoretical Highlights Information Quantization: Defines information as a discrete, structureless binary event H(E)=1 bit, independent of syntax, semantics, or continuous wave assumptions.Classical Reliability: Demonstrates that transmission noise is an engineering variable solvable through multi-channel redundancy and majority voting, recovering high reliability .Rebuttal to Standard Physics Constraints: Explains why the Bell/EPR family of experiments, Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (STR), and the Quantum No-Signaling Theorem do not apply to zero-time manifestation across a single, unified non-local quantum state.Dual Methodological Verification: Validated via numerical multi-run simulations (NumPy and QuTiP) and Causal Knowledge Graph Reasoning (Directed Acyclic Graphs / DAGs) to confirm non-cyclic, paradox-free causality. Structure: The Formalism 1.Introduction & Overview: Rethinking information from first principles.2. Real-World Event-Based Communication Systems: Historical, biological (neural rate/place codes), and digital protocols (UART, SPI).3. Definition of Information & Transmission: Mathematical definitions of quantized events, majority voting, and IMSC.4.Core Claims – Classical Domain: Derivations showing classical theories as event aggregations.5. Core Claims – Quantum Mechanical Domain:** Formalism of instantaneous state manifestation and Python/QuTiP verification.6. Rebuttal to Bell/EPR Experiments: Distinguishing faster-than-light signaling from zero-time joint-state manifestation.7. Rebuttal to No-Signaling Theorem & STR: Demonstrating why spacetime signal constraints do not govern non-locally unified states. Author Information & AI Disclosure Author: Sagar Kapadia (Independent Researcher, Surat, Gujarat, India)ORCID: [0009-0006-3092-4054](https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3092-4054)Statement of AI Assistance: This manuscript was prepared with analytical and structural writing assistance from Google Gemini AI under the direct design control and direction of the author. A full disclosure appears in the front matter of the document.
Overview & Core Thesis This treatise introduces a minimalist, first-principles reformulation of information theory and its transmission across classical and quantum mechanical domains. Moving away from traditional paradigms that view information through probabilistic ensembles, syntactic structures, or signal propagation speed limits, this framework defines information fundamentally as a discrete, structureless, 1-bit event () occurring within a synchronized temporal clock window. By shifting the focus from probabilistic messages to direct event detection within synchronized time windows, standard classical formalisms (such as Shannon entropy, Gabor time-frequency bounds, and von Neumann entropy) are recovered as aggregated macro-phenomena. In the quantum domain, this shift bypasses standard speed-of-light constraints and no-signaling prohibitions without violating relativistic causality. Key Principles & Theoretical Framework Quantization of Information: Reduces information to its indivisible, minimal binary unit ( for equal probabilities), stripped of syntax, semantics, or continuous signal assumptions. Transmission via Redundant Detection: Establishes classical transmission as reliable event detection through redundant channels and majority voting, recasting channel noise as an engineering challenge rather than a theoretical speed limit. Instantaneous Manifestation of State Change (IMSC): In the quantum regime, transmission shifts to IMSC governed by the Operational Axiom of Entanglement. A local classical action on one part of an entangled system instantaneously and deterministically manifests as a correlated change on the spatially separated part of a single, unified non-local state. Re-evaluating Relativistic and Quantum Constraints: Demonstrates that Special Relativity (STR), the No-Signaling Theorem, and Bell/EPR prohibitions apply strictly to propagating signals, flying qubits, or independent statistical subsystems—not to stationary matter proxies (e.g., NV-centers in diamond) forming a single, unified non-local quantum state with synchronized Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) sampling. Treatise Structure & Volumes Overview The treatise is organized into six core volumes spanning theoretical foundations, architectural specifications, and hardware implementation: Volume I: Introduction: Establishes the core premise, scope, engineering objectives, and structural roadmap. Volume II: The Foundations: Formulates the Minimal Event-Based Theory of Information (MEBTI) and details why classical relativistic/quantum constraints are inapplicable to stationary NV-center QND systems. Volume III: System Architecture: Details the v2.0 Symmetrical Node Topology, clock-driven timing budgets (), Q-TWTT synchronization, and the "Quantum Morse Code" execution chain. Volume IV: Abstract & General Systems: Domain-agnostic event models, Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) causal flows, logic schematics, and Python/QuTiP validation scripts. Volume V: Classical & Quantum Systems: Specializations for classical propagating channels (majority voting logic, rate/place neural encodings) and quantum non-local channels (NV-center spin mapping and SQUID flux sampling). Volume VI: Engineering & Appendices: Finite State Machines (FSMs), CAD exploded views, COTS Bill of Materials (BOM), Failure Mode Analysis (FMA), and detailed troubleshooting matrices. Verification & Validation Methods The framework is validated through a three-tier quantitative methodology: Numerical & Quantum Simulations: Multi-run Python and QuTiP scripts verifying discrete state transitions, deterministic detection rates under low-noise conditions, and sub-interval IMSC checks. Knowledge Graph Reasoning: Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) modeling causal event flows from sender triggers to receiver detections to guarantee non-cyclicity and paradox-free causality. COTS Hardware Alignment: Complete architectural mapping onto commercial off-the-shelf components, including high-brightness SPDC photon sources, diamond NV-center memories, microwave pulse actuators, and high- SQUID arrays.
Bell's theorem asserts that no local hidden variable theory can explain the predictions of quantum theory in an experiment where spacelike separated measurements are performed in distant laboratories. Loophole-free Bell tests performed in the last decade demonstrate Bell nonlocality as a property of Nature. However, the amount of nonlocality allowed in quantum theory is limited, compared to the sole restriction of no-signaling, meaning the impossibility of faster-than-light communication implied by special relativity. Information causality is a physical principle that generalizes no-signaling and is satisfied by quantum theory. It is based on the idea that shared quantum entanglement cannot enable a receiver to obtain more classical information than how much was sent by a distant sender. Remarkably, the principle was shown to imply the maximal quantum bound for the violation of the most well-known Bell inequality. The aim of this thesis is to widen our understanding of information causality and compare its predictions with other known outer approximations of the quantum set of correlations. We build upon the recent realization that most of the known consequences of information causality can be derived with a single copy of the shared systems, whereas before it was thought that many copies were necessary. We develop a novel optimization framework which bounds the possible violations of information causality by other sets of correlations, allowing us to certify when violations are not possible. We generalize the statement of information causality and reach a precise definition for the set of correlations satisfying this principle. We show that when searching for violations of information causality by physical theories, considering many copies is not necessary. Our aforementioned optimization framework approximates the information causality set from the outside. Conversely, we propose a different approach which allows us to approximate this set from the inside.
Quantum entanglement is experimentally established yet conceptually unsettled. While standard quantum mechanics accurately predicts non-classical correlations and Bell-inequality violations, it remains largely silent on the ontological structure that makes such correlations possible. This paper presents a constraint-based interpretation of entanglement in which correlated outcomes arise from shared formation conditions rather than from particle-to-particle influence or superluminal signalling. The approach preserves all empirical predictions of quantum theory, respects relativistic causality, and reframes entanglement as a structural feature established at creation rather than an interaction occurring at measurement. The work establishes priority for an ontological mechanism underlying entanglement while remaining fully consistent with long-baseline, satellite-scale, and laboratory quantum experiments.
The no-signaling constraints state that the probability distribution of the outputs of any subset of parties is independent of the inputs of the complementary set; here we re-examine these to see how they arise from relativistic causality. We show that while the usual no-signaling constraints are sufficient, in general they are not necessary to ensure that a theory does not violate causality. Depending on the exact space-time coordinates of the measurement events in a multi-party Bell experiment, causality only imposes a subset of the usual no-signaling conditions. After revisiting the derivation of the two-party no-signaling constraints, we consider the three-party Bell scenario and characterise a space-time region in which a subset of the no-signaling conditions is sufficient to preserve causality. Secondly, we examine the implications for device-independent cryptography against an eavesdropper constrained only by the laws of relativity. We show an explicit attack in certain measurement configurations on a family of protocols based on the n-party Mermin inequalities that were previously proven secure under the old no-signaling conditions. We then show that security of two-party protocols can also be compromised when the eavesdropper's measurement configuration is not constrained. The monogamy of non-local correlations that underpin their use in secrecy can also be broken in certain space-time configurations. Thirdly, we inspect the notion of free-choice and propose a definition of free-choice in the multi-party Bell experiment. We then re-examine the question whether quantum correlations may admit explanations by finite speed superluminal influences. Finally, we study genuine multiparty non-locality and present a new class of causal bilocal models. We propose a new Svetlichny-type inequality that is satisfied by the causal bilocal model and show its violation within quantum theory.
Does "epistemic non-signalling" ensure the peaceful coexistence of special relativity and quantum nonlocality? The possibility of an affirmative answer is of great importance to deterministic approaches to quantum mechanics given recent developments towards generalizations of Bell's theorem. By generalizations of Bell's theorem we here mean efforts that seek to demonstrate the impossibility of any deterministic theories to obey the predictions of Bell's theorem, including not only local hidden-variables theories (LHVTs) but, critically, of nonlocal hidden-variables theories (NHVTs) also, such as de Broglie-Bohm theory. Naturally, in light of the well-established experimental findings from quantum physics, whether or not a deterministic approach to quantum mechanics, including an emergent quantum mechanics, is logically possible, depends on compatibility with the predictions of Bell's theorem. With respect to deterministic NHVTs, recent attempts to generalize Bell's theorem have claimed the impossibility of any such approaches to quantum mechanics. The present work offers arguments showing why such efforts towards generalization may fall short of their stated goal. In particular, we challenge the validity of the use of the non-signalling theorem as a conclusive argument in favor of the existence of free randomness, and therefore reject the use of the non-signalling theorem as an argument against the logical possibility of deterministic approaches. We here offer two distinct counter-arguments in support of the possibility of deterministic NHVTs: one argument exposes the circularity of the reasoning which is employed in recent claims, and a second argument is based on the inconclusive metaphysical status of the non-signalling theorem itself. We proceed by presenting an entirely informal treatment of key physical and metaphysical assumptions, and of their interrelationship, in attempts seeking to generalize Bell's theorem on the basis of an ontic, foundational interpretation of the non-signalling theorem. We here argue that the non-signalling theorem must instead be viewed as an epistemic, operational theorem i.e. one that refers exclusively to what epistemic agents can, or rather cannot, do. That is, we emphasize that the non-signalling theorem is a theorem about the operational inability of epistemic agents to signal information. In other words, as a proper principle, the non-signalling theorem may only be employed as an epistemic, phenomenological, or operational principle. Critically, our argument emphasizes that the non-signalling principle must not be used as an ontic principle about physical reality as such, i.e. as a theorem about the nature of physical reality independently of epistemic agents e.g. human observers. One major reason in favor of our conclusion is that any definition of signalling or of non-signalling invariably requires a reference to epistemic agents, and what these agents can actually measure and report. Otherwise, the non-signalling theorem would equal a general "no-influence" theorem. In conclusion, under the assumption that the non-signalling theorem is epistemic (i.e. "epistemic non-signalling"), the search for deterministic approaches to quantum mechanics, including NHVTs and an emergent quantum mechanics, continues to be a viable research program towards disclosing the foundations of physical reality at its smallest dimensions.