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Advanced Quantum Technologies

High‐Capacity Multi‐Pair Continuous‐Variable Quantum Network Coding Based on Microcavity Frequency Comb

Xia Yan, Tianai Zhou, Yongxin Feng, Gang Xu, Xiu‐Bo Chen, Pengsen Cheng

Published Sep 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

ABSTRACT Continuous‐variable quantum network coding (CVQNC) faces several challenges when extended to large scale scenarios, including the insufficient channel capacity, low entanglement generation efficiency, and degradation of entanglement under channel loss. In this study, a high‐capacity CVQNC scheme based on microcavity frequency combs is proposed over the butterfly network, which enables parallel quantum information transmission among multiple user pairs by exploiting network coding at the bottleneck link. Furthermore, an entanglement enhancement strategy combining mode multiplexing with quantum scissors is introduced to reduce the entanglement degradation caused by channel loss. The results show that the proposed scheme improves the entanglement enhancement efficiency, channel capacity, transmission fidelity, and security while scaling to a larger number of users.

DOI
10.1002/qute.70486

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ABSTRACT Continuous‐variable quantum network coding (CVQNC) faces several challenges when extended to large scale scenarios, including the insufficient channel capacity, low entanglement generation efficiency, and degradation of entanglement under channel loss. In this study, a high‐capacity CVQNC scheme based on microcavity frequency combs is proposed over the butterfly network, which enables parallel quantum information transmission among multiple user pairs by exploiting network coding at the bottleneck link. Furthermore, an entanglement enhancement strategy combining mode multiplexing with quantum scissors is introduced to reduce the entanglement degradation caused by channel loss. The results show that the proposed scheme improves the entanglement enhancement efficiency, channel capacity, transmission fidelity, and security while scaling to a larger number of users.
Quantum network coding provides a solution for information transmission at bottleneck channels. However, the single-path scheduling approach is hampered in the face of massive data transmission demands, which is particularly challenging in large-scale network communication scenarios. Here we propose a continuous-variable quantum network coding (CVQNC) scheme for parallel transmission of multiple quantum states based on optical frequency combs. The quantum communication channel is naturally constructed due to the nonclassical correlations exhibited by the symmetric sideband modes at around half the pump frequency on the squeezed field. Source nodes with preshared multiplex entanglement enable the transmission of multiple quantum states in parallel and simultaneously, which increases the channel capacity of the network and relieves the single-path transmission pressure. In particular, fidelity is calculated as a critical measure of transmission performance, and we provide a method to increase fidelity using photon catalysis, along with squeezing parameters and beam splitter transmittance for non-Gaussian source states at optimal fidelity. Furthermore, the channel capacity and fidelity of the CVQNC system are predicted on the basis of the kkk-nearest neighbor algorithm, and the predicted data match well with the actual derivation.
With the development of quantum network, quantum continuous-variables have practical significance of improving communication. This paper proposes a new continuous-variable quantum network coding protocol (CVQNC) based on the butterfly network model with the hybrid channel of quantum channel and classical channel to realise the cross transmission of quantum information and classical information. The new protocol not only is conducive to the realisation of quantum network, but also can reduce the communication cost of quantum network effectively. It can be seen from the throughput and fidelity analysis that this protocol has a higher throughput than discrete-variable quantum network encoding scheme and classical information network encoding scheme. The ceiling of fidelity in this protocol is 4/9. According to the analysis of simple intercept attack and spectroscope attack, it is secure for the protocol to transmit quantum information and classical information by resisting on the eavesdropping attack of the third-party effectively.
With the development of quantum network, quantum continuous-variables have practical significance of improving communication. This paper proposes a new continuous-variable quantum network coding protocol (CVQNC) based on the butterfly network model with the hybrid channel of quantum channel and classical channel to realise the cross transmission of quantum information and classical information. The new protocol not only is conducive to the realisation of quantum network, but also can reduce the communication cost of quantum network effectively. It can be seen from the throughput and fidelity analysis that this protocol has a higher throughput than discrete-variable quantum network encoding scheme and classical information network encoding scheme. The ceiling of fidelity in this protocol is 4/9. According to the analysis of simple intercept attack and spectroscope attack, it is secure for the protocol to transmit quantum information and classical information by resisting on the eavesdropping attack of the third-party effectively.
Channel multiplexing quantum communication based on exploiting continuous-variable entanglement of optical modes offers great potential to enhance channel capacity and save quantum resource. Here, we present a frequency-comb-type control scheme for simultaneously extracting a lot of entangled sideband modes with arbitrary frequency detuning from a squeezed state of light. We experimentally demonstrate fourfold channel multiplexing quantum dense coding communication by exploiting the extracted four pairs of entangled sideband modes. Due to high entanglement and wide frequency separation between each entangled pairs, these quantum channels have large channel capacity and the cross talking effect can be avoided. The achieved channel capacities have surpassed that of all classical and quantum communication under the same bandwidth published so far. The presented scheme can be extended to more channels if more entangled sideband modes are extracted.
Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) features a high key rate and compatibility with classical optical communication. Developing expandable and efficient CVQKD networks will promote the deployment of large-scale quantum communication networks in the future. This paper proposes a CVQKD network based on the entangled states of an optical frequency comb. This scheme generates Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled states with a frequency comb structure through the process of a type-II optical parametric oscillator. By combining with the scheme of entanglement in the middle, a fully connected CVQKD network capable of distributing secret keys simultaneously can be formed. We analyze the security of the system in the asymptotic case. Simulation results show that under commendable controlling of system loss and noise, the proposed scheme is feasible for deploying a short-distance fully connected CVQKD network. Loss will be the main factor limiting the system's performance. The proposed scheme provides new ideas for a multi-user fully connected CVQKD network.
Abstract Quantum networks, the backbone of the future quantum internet, require flexible and precise control to faithfully share entanglement with different users. These networks will allow multiple applications including distributed quantum computation and information theoretic secure communication. In this scenario, orbital angular momentum (OAM) can be employed to enhance the capacity of quantum information processing and to distribute quantum entanglement in an efficient and scalable way with multiple users. Here, a method for realizing a multiplexed continuous variable (CV) quantum entanglement distribution based on a four‐wave mixing process combined with an active routing technique is experimentally demonstrated. By exploiting Sagnac‐based OAM sorters, the OAM entanglement can be distributed and measured with the different users in a quasi‐complete star network configuration. The generations of multiple sets of OAM multiplexed bipartite CV entanglement with four users and six users are proposed and demonstrated here. In addition, the propagation of one mode through a 1 km of single‐mode fiber shows the applicability of this approach. These results propose and demonstrate a new method for distributing CV entanglement in a quantum network enlarging the range of applicability of CV quantum information protocols.