Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review Letters

Demonstration of Channel Multiplexing Quantum Communication Exploiting Entangled Sideband Modes

Shaoping Shi, Long Tian, Yajun Wang, Yaohui Zheng, Changde Xie, Kunchi Peng

Published Aug 14, 2020• 85 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Channel multiplexing quantum communication based on exploiting continuous-variable entanglement of optical modes offers great potential to enhance channel capacity and save quantum resource. Here, we present a frequency-comb-type control scheme for simultaneously extracting a lot of entangled sideband modes with arbitrary frequency detuning from a squeezed state of light. We experimentally demonstrate fourfold channel multiplexing quantum dense coding communication by exploiting the extracted four pairs of entangled sideband modes. Due to high entanglement and wide frequency separation between each entangled pairs, these quantum channels have large channel capacity and the cross talking effect can be avoided. The achieved channel capacities have surpassed that of all classical and quantum communication under the same bandwidth published so far. The presented scheme can be extended to more channels if more entangled sideband modes are extracted.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.125.070502

Related papers

Multi-channel multiplexing quantum teleportation based on the entangled sideband modes

Yimiao Wu, Qingwei Wang, Long Tian +5 more

Quantum teleportation is a key primitive across a number of quantum information tasks and represents a fundamental ingredient for many quantum technologies. Channel capacity, other than the fidelity, becomes another focus of quantum communication. Here, we present a 5-channel multiplexing continuous-variable quantum teleportation protocol in the optical frequency comb system, exploiting five-order entangled sideband modes. Because of the resonant electro-optical modulation (EOM) that is specifically designed, the fidelities of five channels are greater than 0.78, which are superior to the no-cloning limit of 2 / 3 . This work provides a feasible scheme for implementing efficient quantum information processing.

Photonics Research•Jun 16, 2022•20 citations

Optical frequency comb–based multichannel parallel continuous-variable quantum network coding

Tianai Zhou, Gang Xu, Yewei Guo +4 more

Quantum network coding provides a solution for information transmission at bottleneck channels. However, the single-path scheduling approach is hampered in the face of massive data transmission demands, which is particularly challenging in large-scale network communication scenarios. Here we propose a continuous-variable quantum network coding (CVQNC) scheme for parallel transmission of multiple quantum states based on optical frequency combs. The quantum communication channel is naturally constructed due to the nonclassical correlations exhibited by the symmetric sideband modes at around half the pump frequency on the squeezed field. Source nodes with preshared multiplex entanglement enable the transmission of multiple quantum states in parallel and simultaneously, which increases the channel capacity of the network and relieves the single-path transmission pressure. In particular, fidelity is calculated as a critical measure of transmission performance, and we provide a method to increase fidelity using photon catalysis, along with squeezing parameters and beam splitter transmittance for non-Gaussian source states at optimal fidelity. Furthermore, the channel capacity and fidelity of the CVQNC system are predicted on the basis of the $k$-nearest neighbor algorithm, and the predicted data match well with the actual derivation.

Physical Review Applied•Jun 2, 2025•3 citations

Demonstration of fully-connected quantum communication network exploiting entangled sideband modes

Li Fan, Xiaoli Zhang, Jianbo Li +6 more

Quantum communication network scales point-to-point quantum communication protocols to more than two detached parties, which would permit a wide variety of quantum communication applications. Here, we demonstrate a fully-connected quantum communication network, exploiting three pairs of Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen (EPR) entangled sideband modes, with high degree entanglement of 8.0 dB, 7.6 dB, and 7.2 dB. Each sideband modes from a squeezed field are spatially separated by demultiplexing operation, then recombining into new group according to network requirement. Each group of sideband modes are distributed to one of the parties via a single physical path, making sure each pair of parties build their own private communication links with high channel capacity better than any classical scheme.

Frontiers of Physics•Mar 14, 2023•5 citations

Entangled sideband control scheme via frequency-comb-type seed beam

Long Tian, Shaoping Shi, Yuhang Li +5 more

We report a control scheme of entangled sideband modes without coherent amplitude by employing a frequency-comb-type seed beam. In this scheme, each tooth of the frequency comb serves as a control field for the corresponding downconversion mode. Consequently, all the degrees of freedom can be actively controlled, and the entanglement degrees are higher than 6.7 dB for two pairs of sidebands. We believe that this scheme provides a simple solution for the control of sideband modes, which could be further applied to achieve compact channel multiplexing quantum communications.

Optics Letters•Jul 14, 2021•7 citations

Generation of continuous-variable high-dimensional entanglement with three degrees of freedom and multiplexing quantum dense coding

Hui Guo, Na Liu, Li Zhi +4 more

High-dimensional entanglement is a critical foundation for the growing demand for information capacity to implement the high-capacity quantum task. Here, we report continuous-variable high-dimensional entanglement with three degrees of freedom (frequency, polarization, and orbital angular momentum) directly generated with a single type-II optical parametric oscillator (OPO) cavity. By compensating both for dispersion in frequency modes and astigmatism in higher-order transverse modes, the OPO is capable of oscillating simultaneously and outputting thousands of entanglement pairs. The three degrees of freedom high-dimensional entanglement are verified simultaneously possessing frequency comb, spin, and orbital angular momentum entanglement via 14 pairs of Hermite–Gaussian mode correlations measurement. Then, the “space-frequency” multiplexing quantum dense coding communication is also demonstrated by using the entanglement resource. It shows the great superiority of high-dimensional entanglement in implementing the high-capacity quantum task. Apart from an increased channel capacity, it is possible to conduct deterministic high-dimensional quantum protocols, quantum imaging, and especially quantum computing.

Photonics Research•Sep 27, 2022•17 citations

Towards Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen quantum channel multiplexing

Boris Hage, Aiko Samblowski, Roman Schnabel

A single broadband squeezed field constitutes a quantum communication resource that is sufficient for the realization of a large number $N$ of quantum channels based on distributed Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled states. Each channel can serve as a resource for, for example, independent quantum key distribution or teleportation protocols. $N$-fold channel multiplexing can be realized by accessing $2N$ squeezed modes at different Fourier frequencies. We report on the experimental implementation of the $N=1$ case through the interference of two squeezed states, extracted from a single broadband squeezed field, and demonstrate all techniques required for multiplexing ($N>1$). Quantum channel frequency multiplexing can be used to optimize the exploitation of a broadband squeezed field in a quantum information task. For instance, it is useful if the bandwidth of the squeezed field is larger than the bandwidth of the homodyne detectors. This is currently a typical situation in many experiments with squeezed and two-mode squeezed entangled light.

arXiv:0710.3086•Physical Review A•Jun 1, 2010•47 citations
Channel multiplexing quantum communication based on exploiting continuous-variable entanglement of optical modes offers great potential to enhance channel capacity and save quantum resource. Here, we present a frequency-comb-type control scheme for simultaneously extracting a lot of entangled sideband modes with arbitrary frequency detuning from a squeezed state of light. We experimentally demonstrate fourfold channel multiplexing quantum dense coding communication by exploiting the extracted four pairs of entangled sideband modes. Due to high entanglement and wide frequency separation between each entangled pairs, these quantum channels have large channel capacity and the cross talking effect can be avoided. The achieved channel capacities have surpassed that of all classical and quantum communication under the same bandwidth published so far. The presented scheme can be extended to more channels if more entangled sideband modes are extracted.
Quantum teleportation is a key primitive across a number of quantum information tasks and represents a fundamental ingredient for many quantum technologies. Channel capacity, other than the fidelity, becomes another focus of quantum communication. Here, we present a 5-channel multiplexing continuous-variable quantum teleportation protocol in the optical frequency comb system, exploiting five-order entangled sideband modes. Because of the resonant electro-optical modulation (EOM) that is specifically designed, the fidelities of five channels are greater than 0.78, which are superior to the no-cloning limit of 2 / 3 . This work provides a feasible scheme for implementing efficient quantum information processing.
Quantum network coding provides a solution for information transmission at bottleneck channels. However, the single-path scheduling approach is hampered in the face of massive data transmission demands, which is particularly challenging in large-scale network communication scenarios. Here we propose a continuous-variable quantum network coding (CVQNC) scheme for parallel transmission of multiple quantum states based on optical frequency combs. The quantum communication channel is naturally constructed due to the nonclassical correlations exhibited by the symmetric sideband modes at around half the pump frequency on the squeezed field. Source nodes with preshared multiplex entanglement enable the transmission of multiple quantum states in parallel and simultaneously, which increases the channel capacity of the network and relieves the single-path transmission pressure. In particular, fidelity is calculated as a critical measure of transmission performance, and we provide a method to increase fidelity using photon catalysis, along with squeezing parameters and beam splitter transmittance for non-Gaussian source states at optimal fidelity. Furthermore, the channel capacity and fidelity of the CVQNC system are predicted on the basis of the kkk-nearest neighbor algorithm, and the predicted data match well with the actual derivation.
Quantum communication network scales point-to-point quantum communication protocols to more than two detached parties, which would permit a wide variety of quantum communication applications. Here, we demonstrate a fully-connected quantum communication network, exploiting three pairs of Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen (EPR) entangled sideband modes, with high degree entanglement of 8.0 dB, 7.6 dB, and 7.2 dB. Each sideband modes from a squeezed field are spatially separated by demultiplexing operation, then recombining into new group according to network requirement. Each group of sideband modes are distributed to one of the parties via a single physical path, making sure each pair of parties build their own private communication links with high channel capacity better than any classical scheme.
We report a control scheme of entangled sideband modes without coherent amplitude by employing a frequency-comb-type seed beam. In this scheme, each tooth of the frequency comb serves as a control field for the corresponding downconversion mode. Consequently, all the degrees of freedom can be actively controlled, and the entanglement degrees are higher than 6.7 dB for two pairs of sidebands. We believe that this scheme provides a simple solution for the control of sideband modes, which could be further applied to achieve compact channel multiplexing quantum communications.
High-dimensional entanglement is a critical foundation for the growing demand for information capacity to implement the high-capacity quantum task. Here, we report continuous-variable high-dimensional entanglement with three degrees of freedom (frequency, polarization, and orbital angular momentum) directly generated with a single type-II optical parametric oscillator (OPO) cavity. By compensating both for dispersion in frequency modes and astigmatism in higher-order transverse modes, the OPO is capable of oscillating simultaneously and outputting thousands of entanglement pairs. The three degrees of freedom high-dimensional entanglement are verified simultaneously possessing frequency comb, spin, and orbital angular momentum entanglement via 14 pairs of Hermite–Gaussian mode correlations measurement. Then, the “space-frequency” multiplexing quantum dense coding communication is also demonstrated by using the entanglement resource. It shows the great superiority of high-dimensional entanglement in implementing the high-capacity quantum task. Apart from an increased channel capacity, it is possible to conduct deterministic high-dimensional quantum protocols, quantum imaging, and especially quantum computing.
A single broadband squeezed field constitutes a quantum communication resource that is sufficient for the realization of a large number NNN of quantum channels based on distributed Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled states. Each channel can serve as a resource for, for example, independent quantum key distribution or teleportation protocols. NNN-fold channel multiplexing can be realized by accessing 2N2N2N squeezed modes at different Fourier frequencies. We report on the experimental implementation of the N=1N=1N=1 case through the interference of two squeezed states, extracted from a single broadband squeezed field, and demonstrate all techniques required for multiplexing (N>1N>1N>1). Quantum channel frequency multiplexing can be used to optimize the exploitation of a broadband squeezed field in a quantum information task. For instance, it is useful if the bandwidth of the squeezed field is larger than the bandwidth of the homodyne detectors. This is currently a typical situation in many experiments with squeezed and two-mode squeezed entangled light.