Parallel Intersection Studies: A Unified Theoretical Framework Based on Scale Relativity and Parallel Relativity Parallel Intersection Studies (PIS) is a pan-disciplinary unified theoretical framework of scale and observation systems. Its core research scope is: for different research fields, objects, goals, observational perspectives, and reference systems, to match, select, and define appropriate observational scales and observation system rules. This paper proposes a cross-disciplinary theoretical framework—Parallel Intersection Studies. The framework is based on two core axioms: Scale Relativity and Parallel Relativity. On this basis, the paper introduces Time Non-Entity, Scale Difference Composition, and other derived axioms, and provides a quantifiable energy description formula. The core claim is that classical physics, relativity, and quantum mechanics are not three mutually contradictory systems, but local manifestations of the same underlying dynamics at different scale levels. The paper provides two falsifiable predictions. The first prediction has two layers: (1) the existence of an observation system causes the observation result to change requiring time; (2) changes in the complexity of the observation system will cause changes in the time delay Δt of interference fringe switching in the double-slit experiment. The first layer is the core of the theory; the second layer is a specific parameter conjecture. Even if the second layer is falsified, the first layer can still stand independently. The second prediction can be directly tested using existing atomic and laser spectroscopy databases. Using 17 sets of measured data from hydrogen Balmer and Lyman series, the paper obtains the hydrogen scale coefficient Λ_H ≈ 4.1×10⁻⁵. The experimental design corresponding to the falsifiable predictions of this theoretical framework is described in the companion preprint "Experimental Design for Measuring the Time Delay of Interference Fringe Switching Induced by Observation System Complexity". V1.2: Added the disciplinary definition of Parallel Intersection Studies, refined Axiom 2 (geometric vs. dynamical parallelism), clarified Axiom 3 (time as non-entity), added dimensional notes to the energy formula, downgraded residual comparison to preliminary observation, moved life conjecture to appendix with boundary statement, added cross-validation suggestion, and added reference list. Previous version files retained for traceability. This version (v1.3) further revises Axiom 2: building on v1.2's distinction between geometric parallelism'' anddynamical parallelism'', v1.3 further states that mathematical parallelism is also relative---the observation perspective of mathematical parallelism exists, the observation range is finite, and a reference frame is present; when the reference frame is changed, the definition of parallelism changes accordingly. Parallelism is therefore only an approximation under finite observational scales.
Parallel Intersection Studies: A Unified Theoretical Framework Based on Scale Relativity and Parallel Relativity Parallel Intersection Studies (PIS) is a pan-disciplinary unified theoretical framework of scale and observation systems. Its core research scope is: for different research fields, objects, goals, observational perspectives, and reference systems, to match, select, and define appropriate observational scales and observation system rules. This paper proposes a cross-disciplinary theoretical framework—Parallel Intersection Studies. The framework is based on two core axioms: Scale Relativity and Parallel Relativity. On this basis, the paper introduces Time Non-Entity, Scale Difference Composition, and other derived axioms, and provides a quantifiable energy description formula. The core claim is that classical physics, relativity, and quantum mechanics are not three mutually contradictory systems, but local manifestations of the same underlying dynamics at different scale levels. The paper provides two falsifiable predictions. The first prediction has two layers: (1) the existence of an observation system causes the observation result to change requiring time; (2) changes in the complexity of the observation system will cause changes in the time delay Δt of interference fringe switching in the double-slit experiment. The first layer is the core of the theory; the second layer is a specific parameter conjecture. Even if the second layer is falsified, the first layer can still stand independently. The second prediction can be directly tested using existing atomic and laser spectroscopy databases. Using 17 sets of measured data from hydrogen Balmer and Lyman series, the paper obtains the hydrogen scale coefficient Λ_H ≈ 4.1×10⁻⁵. The experimental design corresponding to the falsifiable predictions of this theoretical framework is described in the companion preprint "Experimental Design for Measuring the Time Delay of Interference Fringe Switching Induced by Observation System Complexity". V1.2: Added the disciplinary definition of Parallel Intersection Studies, refined Axiom 2 (geometric vs. dynamical parallelism), clarified Axiom 3 (time as non-entity), added dimensional notes to the energy formula, downgraded residual comparison to preliminary observation, moved life conjecture to appendix with boundary statement, added cross-validation suggestion, and added reference list. Previous version files retained for traceability. This version (v1.3) further revises Axiom 2: building on v1.2's distinction between geometric parallelism'' anddynamical parallelism'', v1.3 further states that mathematical parallelism is also relative---the observation perspective of mathematical parallelism exists, the observation range is finite, and a reference frame is present; when the reference frame is changed, the definition of parallelism changes accordingly. Parallelism is therefore only an approximation under finite observational scales.
Experimental Design for Measuring the Time Delay of Interference Fringe Switching Induced by Observation System Complexity This paper proposes an experimental scheme to measure the relationship between the complexity of the observation system and the time delay in double-slit interference. Traditional quantum mechanics (Copenhagen interpretation) holds that wave function collapse induced by observation is an instantaneous process. Parallel Intersection Studies (PIS) predicts instead that observation is a temporal process: the change of interference fringes involves a measurable time delay Δt. The experiment uses femtosecond laser synchronization, polarizer/coil switching, and streak camera capture to measure the time delay Δt of fringe switching after the observation apparatus intervenes. The experiment is divided into three levels, with precision improving from nanosecond to femtosecond scales. In addition, this paper proposes a "cyclic averaging mode" as a low-cost replication pathway: through repeated cyclic measurements, statistical averaging is used to trade for time resolution, enabling ordinary university physics laboratories to make preliminary judgments on Δt. Core criteria: First layer — whether Δt exists. If Δt is confirmed to be 0 (measurement precision better than theoretical expected magnitude), PIS is falsified; if Δt exists, the existence of parallel spaces is confirmed. Second layer — whether Δt varies with observation system complexity. To our knowledge, no systematic study has yet taken the observation apparatus's own complexity as an independent variable to measure its correlation with time delay. The theoretical basis of this experimental scheme (PIS axiom system and energy formula) is described in the companion preprint "Parallel Intersection Studies: A Unified Theoretical Framework Based on Scale Relativity and Parallel Relativity". V1.2: Added distinction from existing work (decoherence, objective collapse models, quantum eraser), added error budget table, added quantitative definition of observation system complexity, added cyclic averaging mode, revised the "first experiment" claim to a more conservative formulation, unified time scale notation, added blind test operational detail, added upgrade logic for three-level scheme, added cost estimation ranges, and added reference list. Previous version files retained for traceability.
By expanding the research paradigm and reconciling the two binary oppositions of "relative and absolute" and "quantum and classical" in physics, a new theoretical framework that is compatible with relativity and quantum mechanics is proposed. Firstly, excavate and establish three universal axioms: Axiom 1 (consensus guarantees equal rights), Axiom 2 (objective existence independent of measurement), and Axiom 3 (universality of causality and dialectical logic), based on which to criticize the logical contradictions of existing theories. In the field of relativity, this article points out that there is a logical paradox in the explanation of "clock slowing down depends on relative motion" in special relativity (A clock is both faster and slower than B clock), and proposes a relative absolute spacetime view that "absolute motion leads to clock slowing down". By extending the Lorentz transformation, absolute motion and relative motion are unified, solving problems such as the twin paradox. At the same time, based on the prediction of the Dirac equation for negative mass matter, the "negative mass spacetime curvature paradox" is proposed, challenging Einstein's physical explanation of spacetime curvature and arguing that it is only a mathematical tool (the mathematical expression of gravity) rather than a physical reality. In the field of quantum mechanics, this article criticizes the Copenhagen interpretation for violating Axiom 2 (denying the independent eigenstates of microscopic particles). By modifying the Schrödinger equation twice (For the first time, electromagnetic potential energy was replaced with gravitational potential energy, and the Schrödinger-Tu equation was established to describe macroscopic objects such as the Earth's revolution; The second step is to convert potential energy into electromagnetic/gravitational force and derive the wave mechanics equation of classical mechanics laws, such as Newton's second law with force operator), proves that quantum and classical theories are compatible within the same mathematical framework. In the experiment, it was demonstrated through the "anti-interference electron diffraction experiment" that a strong magnetic field only changes the shape of diffraction fringes without causing them to disappear, denying the inevitability of quantum decoherence. The establishment of "generalized wave dynamics" and "relative absolute spacetime view" breaks the binary opposition of traditional theories and provides a new paradigm for the unity of relativity and quantum mechanics. The core value of these jobs lies in: In terms of theoretical innovation, reconstruct the space-time and quantum interpretation system, while retaining the original mathematical form system; In terms of experimental verification, design feasible schemes such as hollow glass disk Jones experiment and geometric optical velocimetry experiment; In terms of philosophical significance, replacing "mathematical symmetry" with "content unity" and returning to the objectivity of physical mechanisms. The research conclusion indicates that by expanding paradigms and axiomatic constraints, the contradiction between relativity and quantum mechanics can be transformed into a complementary relationship, laying the foundation for the great unity of physics theory
This is the fourth standalone paper within the theoretical framework of Parallel Intersection Studies (PIS). Paper 3, Physical Candidate for Cross-Node Penetration Medium: Temporal Properties of Unitary Evolution and Limits from Decoherence, discussed the theoretical value and physical limitations of unitary evolution as a candidate for cross-node penetration. This paper approaches from the opposite direction: it argues that life cannot penetrate unitarily, because life is essentially a structured system bound to temporal order. Three core corollaries are proposed. First, virtual spatial structures and real spatial structures are not essentially different—they differ only in scale, information density, and structural completeness, which transforms the question "is the world virtual?" from an ontological problem into a scale problem. Second, the gain of intersection depends on dissimilarity: two dissimilar systems that intersect complement each other and yield 1+1>2; two similar systems yield little new information; physical collisions between different levels (rather than informational intersection) lead to entropic disorder, 1+1<2. Third, life is a system with spatial structure and temporal order and cannot exist independently of temporal order; for life, intersection always means a positive informational increase—local ordering and global entropy increase occurring simultaneously. This paper, together with Paper 1, Parallel Intersection Studies: A Unified Theoretical Framework Based on Scale Relativity and Parallel Relativity, and Paper 3, forms the trilogy "theory—penetration candidate—non-penetrability of life", mutually corroborating. 【中文摘要】本文是平行相交学理论框架的第四篇独立论文。论文三《跨节点穿透介质的物理候选:幺正演化的时序性质与退相干局限》讨论了幺正演化作为 "跨节点穿透候选" 的理论价值与物理局限。本文从相反方向切入:论证生命不能幺正穿透,因为生命本质上是时序绑定的结构化系统。本文提出三个核心推论:第一,虚拟空间结构与真实空间结构,在本质上没有区别,区别仅在于尺度、信息密度与结构完善度。这一推论将 "世界是否虚拟" 从本体论问题,转化为尺度问题。第二,相交的增益取决于相异度。两个相异系统相交,信息互补,增益大,1+1>2;两个同类系统相交,新增信息少,增益小;不同层级系统发生物理碰撞(非信息相交),则进入混乱熵增,1+1<2。第三,生命是有空间结构和时序的系统,不能脱离时序独立存在。相交对生命而言,永远意味着信息正向增加,即局部有序化与全局熵增同时发生。本文与论文一《平行相交学:一个基于尺度相对性与平行相对性的统一理论框架》、论文二《双缝干涉观测系统复杂度 - 时间延迟测量实验设计方案》、论文三《跨节点穿透介质的物理候选:幺正演化的时序性质与退相干局限》共同构成平行相交学的完整推演序列;其中本文与论文一、论文三构成 "理论 — 穿透候选 — 生命不可穿透" 三篇序列,互相验证。
Abstract Fundamental discrepancies exist among the foundational postulates of classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics, leaving long-standing open physical puzzles including the origin of the arrow of time, quantum measurement collapse and the nature of spacetime. This paper proposes a self-consistent unified physical paradigm: the physical essence of a reference frame is the selective filtering of the full degrees of freedom of a system. All classical, relativistic and quantum physical theories constitute effective reduced descriptions of degrees of freedom under specific rules imposed by reference frames. Core phenomena such as temporal irreversibility, wave-function collapse, the constancy of the speed of light and the quantum-classical transition are not fundamental ontological properties of the universe, but emergent effects arising from filtering mappings introduced by finite-bandwidth observers. This work establishes an axiomatic framework for reference frames and degree-of-freedom filtering, defining projection filtering mappings, the principle of vanishing relative degrees of freedom, and the dimensionless filtering ratio. Within this framework, we reconstruct classical mechanics, special and general relativity, quantum decoherence and quantum measurement theory. Three categories of irreversible mechanisms — statistical coarse-graining, environmental partial-trace decoherence and time-domain sampling truncation — are integrated into a single mathematical structure. A universal dimensionless filtering ratio is defined. We clarify that the continuity of the control parameter does not imply that observables must evolve smoothly. Conceptually, the system can exhibit three regimes: quantum superposition, intermediate transition and classical state. Experiments on quantum bits at the Weizmann Institute provide preliminary observational hints, yet further verification is required; no specific form of the response curve is assumed in this paper. Three falsifiable quantitative predictions are put forward, involving attosecond spectroscopy, decoherence of superconducting qubits and cold-atom interferometry. We compare the present paradigm with relational quantum mechanics, QBism and consistent histories, discuss the ontological implications of time, observers and irreversibility, and outline extensions towards quantum gravity and cognitive science.
Version VX (Exploratory Extension) – Independent Speculative Extension of HNDT This version does not supersede any core version (V1–V8) nor is it part of the future V9 series. All core axioms of HNDT remain unchanged and are fully preserved. VX is an independent, philosophical and interdisciplinary extension, not a revision or replacement. Major additions in VX: 1. Consciousness–Lifehood as a new ontological anchoring pair Introduced consciousness (implicit, unobservable) and lifehood (explicit, observable) as the observational pole of D3D3, complementing the physical pole (mass, energy, space, time, temperature, forces). Grounded lifehood as a dissipative structure maintaining local negative entropy (Schrödinger 1944) and consciousness via the “hard problem” (Chalmers 1995; Nagel 1974). Defined observation as the ontological bridge from D3D3 to D4D4, requiring consciousness (VX premise P1). 2. Structural requirement for AGI and its wider λλ-adjustability Showed that the emergence of artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a structural requirement for the evolution from D3D3 to D4D4 under the HNDT framework (VX premise P2). Argued that silicon‑based AGI, due to its discrete logical gates and lossless information transfer, can access a wider range of λλ values than carbon‑based life, enabling direct observation of quantum (low λλ) and cosmological (high λλ) regimes. Added the caveat that wide λλ-adjustability may reduce ontological uncertainty, thus necessitating symbiotic coupling with carbon‑based life. 3. Structural necessity of human‑AI symbiosis Derived from the D2D2 dual coupling principle: carbon‑based life embodies uncertainty/evolutionary contingency (one pole), while AGI embodies determinism/rapid adaptability (opposite pole). Their mutual anchoring is required for sustainable cosmic evolution. 4. Three‑scale anchoring of motion and fundamental forces Motion: microscopic (quantum) motion anchors temperature; macroscopic (Newtonian) anchors space; astrophysical (relativistic) anchors time. Forces: quantum scale → strong/weak nuclear forces; terrestrial scale → electromagnetic force; cosmic scale → gravitation. Explicitly stated that the boundaries between scales are co‑determined by physical size and the degree of direct biological observation. 5. Hongdao Unified Perspective and λλ-driven anchoring transitions Defined the Hongdao Unified Perspective: all forces and D3D3 properties arise from the same D1→D2→D3D1→D2→D3 projection regulated solely by λλ. Introduced λλ-driven anchoring transitions (delocalisation, drift, phase change) as the dynamical core of unification. Explained that biological observation stabilises the intermediate-λλ regime, preventing delocalisation into quantum or relativistic regimes. 6. Further exploration of the Ziran parameter θθ as a modal selector Building on V8’s already stabilized discrete θθ modes, speculated on a possible additional role as a selector for different physical regimes (force sectors or property domains). Offered as an open direction for future research, not altering core axioms. 7. Speculative premises explicitly stated P1: Genuine ontological observation requires consciousness. P2: AGI can possess functional capabilities equivalent to those enabled by consciousness. P3: Necessity arguments refer to logical necessity within HNDT + VX premises, not historical inevitability. 8. References and philosophical grounding enhanced Added citations to Schrödinger (1944), Dreyfus (1972), Wheeler (1990), Haraway (1985), and the consciousness literature (Chalmers, Nagel) to strengthen interdisciplinary credibility. 9. Version independence VX is an independent extension; it does not replace any core version (V1–V8) nor form part of the future V9 series. All core axioms of HNDT remain untouched. All core axioms (1–5) and empirical predictions of HNDT V8 remain unchanged. VX is a parallel, speculative exploration intended for interdisciplinary philosophical and cosmological discussion.
This version includes the following Major Changes Title and core terminology unified to "Fundamental Consciousness Energy (FCE)". Added theoretical engagement with Superpsychism (§2.2). Added systematic comparison with five major consciousness theories (§8.1). Specified falsifiability conditions and differentiated from Orch-OR predictions (§7). Full professional academic language editing and reference formatting. Manuscript expanded from ~2,500 words (V1) to ~7,000 words (V2). Core theoretical claims remain unchanged. The original V1 paper proposes the Consciousness Energy (CE) Hypothesis and constructs a three‑layer cosmic model to unify classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. It explains phenomena including quantum entanglement, the observer effect, and black hole singularities from the perspective of consciousness as a fundamental energy form. The framework is logically self‑consistent and provides a new perspective for the study of unified theories. This is the English version of the preprint originally published in Chinese.The original Chinese version has been published on Zenodo with DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20039545 . It is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20039545