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IEEE International Conference on Instrumentation (INSTCon)

A Comparative Performance and Security Analysis of Classical vs. Quantum Key Exchange Protocols: From RSA to BB84

Aditya Shintre, Shrinivas Khedkar

Published Jul 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/instcon69741.2026.11691919

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Quantum computers are on the brink of becoming a reality, offering revolutionary advancements in various fields such as material science, pharmaceuticals, artificial intelligence, and fundamental science. However, they simultaneously pose a significant threat to conventional cryptographic systems, particularly RSA, which are susceptible to quantum attacks. This study critically examines the imminent risks that quantum computing presents to cryptography, emphasizing the necessity for immediate evaluation and contextualization. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 evaluated the security resilience of RSA algorithms by estimating the decryption time for both classical and quantum computers. The findings revealed a stark contrast, approximately 3.84×1027years for classical computers versus roughly 8 hours for quantum computers based on an MIT study. Experiment 2 involved a comparative analysis of RSA and ECC across seven distinct criteria, using a fixed-size file to record key generation, encryption, and decryption times. Results indicated ECC's superiority, demonstrating enhanced efficiency, smaller key sizes, and faster operational times compared to RSA. Experiment 3 focused on the efficacy of classical Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol versus two quantum key distribution protocols, BB84 and E91, under a man-in-the-middle attack scenario. The outcomes highlighted Diffie-Hellman's lack of user authentication, while BB84 and E91 successfully detected tampering through their physics-based cryptographic properties. The research underscores higher security offered by physics-based cryptographic methods over traditional math-based protocols. This comprehensive analysis elucidates the tangible threats posed by quantum computing and proposes viable solutions for enhancing cryptographic security in the quantum era.
This study provides an integrated quantum classical and traditional cryptographic framework that combines the Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution to RSA and AES for achieving highly enhanced secure communication. Upgrading the previous work, involving a BB84 with RSA and AES hybrid scheme. Similarly, this paper advances the security by incorporating DI-QKD in which it rejects assumptions about the internal functioning of the quantum devices and protects against the side channel attacks. In this proposed model, DI-QKD helps to create or generate provably secure shared keys, based on Bell-inequality violations whereas RSA ensures reliability in authentication and public key exchange. AES provides high-speed symmetric encryption for the mass data protection. This paper therefore establishes the complete DI-QKD with RSA and AES workflow simulating secure key generation; producing encrypted message outputs and the performance metrics such as key generation rate; quantum bit error rate; encryption time and overall system throughput is measured. These graphical results are compared with the earlier BB84 hybrid model to evaluate operational efficiency, resistance to adversarial interference and security robustness and too highlights the quantitative improvement offered by DI-QKD especially in antagonistic or untrusted device scenarios. Hence this paper demonstrates that the DI-QKD with RSA, AES hybrid system offering strengthened quantum safe security with classical compatibility, positioning it as a propitious architecture for the futuristic cryptographic networks.
As quantum computing threatens classical cryptography like RSA via Shor's algorithm, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)—especially BB84—offers physics-based security. BB84 leverages quantum principles: Heisenberg Uncertainty, No-Cloning Theorem, and superposition, shifting from math complexity to unbreakable physical laws using polarized photons for key exchange. The protocol detects eavesdropping through Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), showing 25% errors in Intercept-Resend attacks. Key challenges like Photon Number Splitting (PNS) attacks are addressed via decoy states. Compared to B92 and E91, BB84 balances feasibility and security best. Despite issues like signal loss, BB84 provides provably secure communication, restoring trust in a post-quantum world.