Classifying Quantum Vulnerabilities in Blockchain: A Short Review

Sandip Kanoo, Prodipto Das

Apala Nag, Pankaj Kumar Pal, Siddhartha Bhattacharyya +2 more

Jeet Ramoliya, Nishant Doshi

Özgür Karaduman, Zeynep Buse Gürbüz, Muharrem Tuncay Gençoğlu +1 more

The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic methods used in blockchain-based healthcare systems. Existing security mechanisms such as RSA and ECC are vulnerable to quantum attacks, posing a risk to patient data integrity, confidentiality, and authentication mechanisms. To address this challenge, postquantum cryptographic (PQC) solutions, including lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, and multivariate polynomial-based techniques, have been proposed. This study systematically reviews and classifies PQC methods and their integration into blockchainbased healthcare infrastructures. A three-layer security model is discussed to enhance blockchain resilience against quantum attacks. The study further explores on-chain, off-chain, and crosschain security mechanisms within healthcare applications to ensure secure medical data storage, patient identity management, and interoperability among healthcare providers. The findings suggest that hybrid cryptographic models, combining classical and post-quantum techniques, provide a practical transition strategy for ensuring long-term security in blockchain networks. This research contributes to the field by offering a structured classification of quantum-resistant blockchain security mechanisms and providing insights into future research directions, particularly in the areas of quantum-safe healthcare data management, performance optimization of PQC methods, and the development of quantum-resistant smart contracts.

Km Meenakshi, Rakhi Chauhan, Deepshikha Bhargava

Florine Shifra Elskamp

Blockchain technology’s cryptographic foundations face threats from advancing quantum computing, mainly through Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms. In this work project, we conduct a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis, to review the knowledge on the risk of the development of quantum computing for blockchain technology. In particular, we review the publications from 2019 to 2025 across Scopus and EBSCO to identify the research themes. While theoretical research is advancing, the reviewed literature reveals a scarcity of studies documenting practical implementation, standardization, and governance frameworks. This study identifies the need for efforts in developing transition roadmaps and frameworks, to assess crypto agility.