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Magnetic-Field-Induced Directionality in Rydberg-EIT Electric-Field Measurements

Irina V. Novikova, Rob Behary, Will Torg, Muhammad Nehal Khan, Neel Malvania, Charles Fancher, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, S. Aubin

Published Sep 8, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally investigate the behavior of Rydberg two-photon Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) resonances under the combined action of dc electric and magnetic fields, toward the goal of designing a vector electrometer. We demonstrate that a weak magnetic field lifts the ±mJ degeneracy of Stark-shifted EIT peaks by splitting them into two symmetrical peaks with respect to the original peak position. The splitting separation depends mainly on the relative angle between the electric and magnetic field, but not the electric field strength (for a certain range of parameters). These observations suggest that one can determine the direction of an unknown electric field with respect to a calibrated magnetic field reference. Our preliminary experimental results, obtained using 85Rb atomic vapor coupled to a highly excited Rydberg state (36D}_5/2), predict better than 1 degree directional sensitivity without compromising the scalar sensitivity.

DOI
10.1364/opticaopen.33456958

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We experimentally investigate the behavior of Rydberg two-photon Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) resonances under the combined action of dc electric and magnetic fields, toward the goal of designing a vector electrometer. We demonstrate that a weak magnetic field lifts the ±mJ degeneracy of Stark-shifted EIT peaks by splitting them into two symmetrical peaks with respect to the original peak position. The splitting separation depends mainly on the relative angle between the electric and magnetic field, but not the electric field strength (for a certain range of parameters). These observations suggest that one can determine the direction of an unknown electric field with respect to a calibrated magnetic field reference. Our preliminary experimental results, obtained using 85Rb atomic vapor coupled to a highly excited Rydberg state (36D}_5/2), predict better than 1 degree directional sensitivity without compromising the scalar sensitivity.
We experimentally investigate the behavior of Rydberg two-photon Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) resonances under the combined action of dc electric and magnetic fields, toward the goal of designing a vector electrometer. We demonstrate that a weak magnetic field lifts the ±mJ degeneracy of Stark-shifted EIT peaks by splitting them into two symmetrical peaks with respect to the original peak position. The splitting separation depends mainly on the relative angle between the electric and magnetic field, but not the electric field strength (for a certain range of parameters). These observations suggest that one can determine the direction of an unknown electric field with respect to a calibrated magnetic field reference. Our preliminary experimental results, obtained using 85Rb atomic vapor coupled to a highly excited Rydberg state (36D}_5/2), predict better than 1 degree directional sensitivity without compromising the scalar sensitivity.
We examine the influence of a static dc electric field on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) resonances that involve highly excited Rydberg states. Our focus is on how these resonances are altered when the relative orientation between the laser polarization and the external electric field vectors are varied. We experimentally demonstrate characteristic variations in the amplitude of the Stark-split EIT resonances, which can be explained by the selection rules in various geometries. We also present a simplified semi-analytical model that closely resembles the experimental observations. We use these findings to obtain information about the spatially inhomogeneous electric field, produced by a biased wire, using EIT fluorescence measurements that agrees with the expected angular dependencies. These results suggest that simultaneous analysis of frequency shifts and amplitudes of Rydberg EIT resonances may enable vector electrometry of electrostatic fields, necessary for many quantum sensing applications.
Rydberg-assisted atomic electrometry with thermal vapors offers a promising approach for detecting external electric fields. However, this technique presents significant challenges for measuring low frequencies due to the effects of metal-alkali atoms adsorbed on the interior surface of the vacuum chamber. In this work, we apply high-contrast Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectroscopy to systematically investigate these effects, including the influence of laser power and electric field strength. We demonstrate the ability to measure electric field frequencies ranging from 10 Hz to 1 MHz. Additionally, this study identifies a fundamental limit for data capacity in such measurements. Furthermore, we propose a method for precise Stark shift measurements by locking the coupling laser to Zeeman-split Rydberg EIT peaks. Using the Zeeman shift in a reference cell as a stable frequency reference, we are able to track Stark-induced shifts in a science cell and confirm excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. These results provide valuable insights for future precision measurement techniques and field sensing applications based on Rydberg atom systems.
The effect of a vector magnetic field was studied on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with linear ⊥ linear polarization of the probe and pump beams in 87 R b − D 2 transition with a vapor cell at room temperature. The dependence of EIT on the direction of the quantization axis and the relative orientation of the polarizations of the applied electric fields was studied experimentally. We show that from the relative strengths of σ and π EITs, the direction of the magnetic field can be found. Moreover, from the relative separation between σ and π EITs, the strength of the magnetic field can be calculated. We also demonstrate that the EIT peak amplitudes show oscillatory behavior depending upon the orientation of the laser polarization relative to the magnetic field direction. To understand the experimental observations, a theoretical study was done numerically considering all 13 Zeeman sub-levels. Apart from the numerical simulation, a toy model was also constructed to obtain an analytical response of the medium considering the velocity distribution. The dependencies of the magnetic field direction and polarization direction of the electric field were explicitly derived with the analytical model.
Magnetic-field-induced splitting of Rydberg Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) spectra in 87^{87}87Rb vapor cell
We theoretically and experimentally investigate the Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting of 87^{87}87Rb vapor under the combined influence of a magnetic field and a microwave field. In the presence of static magnetic field, the effect of the microwave field leads to the dressing and splitting of each mFm_FmF​ state, resulting in multiple spectral peaks in the EIT-AT spectrum. A simplified analytical formula was developed to explain the EIT-AT spectrum in a static magnetic field, and the calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental results.We further studied the enhancement of the Rydberg atom microwave electric field sensor performance by making use of the splitting interval between the two maximum absolute mFm_FmF​ states under static magnetic field. The traceable measurement limit of weak electric field by EIT-AT splitting method was extended by an order of magnitude, which is promising for precise microwave electric field measurement.
Vector magnetometry using electromagnetically induced transparency with lin⊥linlin\perp linlin⊥lin polarization
Vector magnetometry was studied using the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with linear ⊥\perp⊥ linear (lin⊥linlin \perp linlin⊥lin) polarization of the probe and the pump beams in 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb - D2D_2D2​ transition. The dependence of the EIT on the direction of the quantization axis and the relative orientation of the polarization of the applied electric fields was studied experimentally. We have shown that from the relative strengths of the σσσ and πππ EIT peaks, the direction of the magnetic field can be found. Moreover from the relative separation between the σσσ and πππ EIT peaks, the strengths of the magnetic field can be calculated. We have also demonstrated that the EIT peak amplitudes show oscillatory behaviour depending upon the orientation of the laser polarization relative to the magnetic field direction. Using the positions of the maxima and minima, the direction of the magnetic field can be calculated. To understand the experimental observation, a theoretical study has been done numerically considering all the thirteen Zeeman sub-levels. Apart from the numerical model, a toy model has also been considered to obtain an analytical response of the medium considering the velocity distribution. The dependencies of the magnetic field direction and the polarization direction of the electric fields have been explicitly derived in the analytical model. Further the direction of the magnetic field is calculated using the analytical solution. This study can be helpful in order to make an EIT based atomic vector magnetometer at room temperature.