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Acta Physica Sinica

Interaction Effects in Spin-Orbit-Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensates

HE Junkai, HE Liangjun, ZHANG Yongchang, Xiaofei Zhang, Biao Dong

Published Sep 4, 2026• 0 citations

Abstract

自旋-轨道耦合（spin-orbit coupling,SOC）可以使粒子的内部自由度与外部运动自由度产生关联，并显著影响单粒子的色散关系，是研究新奇宏观量子态和非平庸超流态的重要手段。与固体材料中天然固有的SOC不同，冷原子体系中的SOC可通过原子与光场之间的相互作用实现，具有较高的可操控性，从而为量子模拟提供了重要平台。本文从相互作用效应的角度综述自旋-轨道耦合玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体（spin-orbit-coupling Bose-Einstein condensate,SOC-BEC）的理论进展。首先介绍冷原子体系中SOC的基本实现方式及一维拉曼型SOC对单粒子色散谱的影响，指出在一维SOC-BEC中单粒子基态可在非零动量处发生二重简并。随后讨论短程相互作用对体系基态相的影响，分析了由此呈现出的基态相图特征，以及条纹相、平面波相和零动量相之间的相变，同时还介绍了基态相的低能激发谱与宏观动力学响应的关键特征，以及真实实验条件下量子涨落、有限温度和有限尺寸效应对以上性质的修正。接下来继续综述长程相互作用对体系基态结构、空间密度调制、自组织结构、自旋纹理以及超固体相稳定性的影响。总体而言短程相互作用和长程相互作用共同影响SOC-BEC的基态、低能激发和动力学行为，并为研究条纹相的超固体特征、长程相互作用主导的超固体相及相关拓扑结构，以及在实验上探测这些相提供了可调控的量子气体平台。

DOI: 10.7498/aps.76.20260784

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自旋-轨道耦合（spin-orbit coupling,SOC）可以使粒子的内部自由度与外部运动自由度产生关联，并显著影响单粒子的色散关系，是研究新奇宏观量子态和非平庸超流态的重要手段。与固体材料中天然固有的SOC不同，冷原子体系中的SOC可通过原子与光场之间的相互作用实现，具有较高的可操控性，从而为量子模拟提供了重要平台。本文从相互作用效应的角度综述自旋-轨道耦合玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体（spin-orbit-coupling Bose-Einstein condensate,SOC-BEC）的理论进展。首先介绍冷原子体系中SOC的基本实现方式及一维拉曼型SOC对单粒子色散谱的影响，指出在一维SOC-BEC中单粒子基态可在非零动量处发生二重简并。随后讨论短程相互作用对体系基态相的影响，分析了由此呈现出的基态相图特征，以及条纹相、平面波相和零动量相之间的相变，同时还介绍了基态相的低能激发谱与宏观动力学响应的关键特征，以及真实实验条件下量子涨落、有限温度和有限尺寸效应对以上性质的修正。接下来继续综述长程相互作用对体系基态结构、空间密度调制、自组织结构、自旋纹理以及超固体相稳定性的影响。总体而言短程相互作用和长程相互作用共同影响SOC-BEC的基态、低能激发和动力学行为，并为研究条纹相的超固体特征、长程相互作用主导的超固体相及相关拓扑结构，以及在实验上探测这些相提供了可调控的量子气体平台。

本文研究环形周期势中SU(3)自旋-轨道耦合玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体系,探究长程软核相互作用对系统基态拓扑与自旋有序结构的调控机理.针对中心势垒环形周期势,无软核相互作用时体系自发形成周期环状结构,伴随涡旋晶格产生,引入长程软核相互作用后,部分基态结构中会生成环形畴壁,将自旋均匀畴与自旋密度波区域空间分隔.针对中心势阱环形周期势,无软核相互作用时体系中心呈现低密度区域,随自旋相互作用由反铁磁型过渡至铁磁型,系统基态由连续亮环结构转变为离散波包构型.体系引入软核相互作用后,强阻塞半径可形成有序涡旋阵列.当长程软核相互作用在多体竞争中占据主导时,能够有效抑制SU(3)自旋-轨道耦合效应,使凝聚体基态密度分布趋于均匀平滑,自旋纹理排布更规整统一.同时,本文揭示了四类物理效应如何共同决定体系各类基态物态.

我们考察我们一条纺纱轨道的最近的试验性的实现和调查(那么) 联合 Bose 爱因斯坦冷凝物(BEC ) 和量堕落费密气体。由使用二相反繁殖的拉曼激光并且控制二拉曼激光的不同频率设计原子光相互作用，我们首先学习那么在 BEC 联合。然后，我们学习因此在费密气体联合。我们作为那么在费密气体联合的特点在旋转动力学和平衡状态的动量分发不对称现象观察旋转 dephasing。清楚地揭示那么联合费密气体的性质，我们也学习描绘精力动量分散和量状态的旋转作文的解决动量的无线电频率光谱学。我们与不同原子密度在不同 helicity 分支观察费米子表面的变化，它显示费密表面拓扑学的 Lifshitz 转变变化能被进一步使系统凉下来发现。最后，我们学习 ultracold 费密气体的解决动量的拉曼光谱学。

在自旋轨道耦合自旋-1/2的玻色爱因斯坦凝聚体（BEC）中引入李黄杨（LHY）修正，系统哈密顿量中出现新的相互作用项，利用变分法求解系统基态，并得到相边界和三相点。通过量子相图发现LHY相互作用对基态相具有明显的调制作用，条纹相区域明显变大，平面波相减小，并出现两种零动量相，由此系统中出现了新的三相点。在LHY作用下，条纹相还可以出现在组分内相互作用小于组分间相互作用的系统中，这在平均场理论下是没有出现的。研究结果表明，李黄杨相互作用可以为玻色爱因斯坦凝聚体的量子调控提供新的工具。

Understanding the effects of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and many-body interactions on spin transport is important in condensed matter physics and spintronics. This topic has been intensively studied for spin carriers such as electrons but barely explored for charge-neutral bosonic quasiparticles (including their condensates), which hold promises for coherent spin transport over macroscopic distances. Here, we explore the effects of synthetic SOC (induced by optical Raman coupling) and atomic interactions on the spin transport in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), where the spin-dipole mode (SDM, actuated by quenching the Raman coupling) of two interacting spin components constitutes an alternating spin current. We experimentally observe that SOC significantly enhances the SDM damping while reducing the thermalization (the reduction of the condensate fraction). We also observe generation of BEC collective excitations such as shape oscillations. Our theory reveals that the SOC-modified interference, immiscibility, and interaction between the spin components can play crucial roles in spin transport.

Abstract Understanding the effects of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and many-body interactions on spin transport is important in condensed matter physics and spintronics. This topic has been intensively studied for spin carriers such as electrons but barely explored for charge-neutral bosonic quasiparticles (including their condensates), which hold promises for coherent spin transport over macroscopic distances. Here, we explore the effects of synthetic SOC (induced by optical Raman coupling) and atomic interactions on the spin transport in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), where the spin-dipole mode (SDM, actuated by quenching the Raman coupling) of two interacting spin components constitutes an alternating spin current. We experimentally observe that SOC significantly enhances the SDM damping while reducing the thermalization (the reduction of the condensate fraction). We also observe generation of BEC collective excitations such as shape oscillations. Our theory reveals that the SOC-modified interference, immiscibility, and interaction between the spin components can play crucial roles in spin transport.