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Security of Quantum Key DIstribution Protocol with Two-Way Classical Communication Assisted by One-Time Pad Encryption

Shun WATANABE, 友彦 植松, TOMOHIKO UYEMATSU, 隆太郎 松本, Ryutaroh Matsumoto

Published Sep 1, 2006• 0 citations
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In this paper, we consider a quantum key distribution protocol (QKD) with two-way classical communication that is assisted by one-time pad encryption. We propose a two-way preprocessing that uses one-time pad encryption by previously shared secret key, and the net key rate of the QKD with proposed preprocessing exceeds the key rate of the QKD without it. The preprocessing is reduced to the entanglement distillation protocol with two-way classical communication and previously shared EPR pairs (two-way breeding protocol), and the security of QKD with the preprocessing is guaranteed in the same way as Shor and Preskill's arguments.
Among the problems to guarantee secrecy for in-transit information, the difficulties involved in renewing cryptographic keys in a secure way using couriers, the perfect secrecy encryption method known as One-Time-Pad (OTP) became almost obsolete. Pure quantum key distribution (QKD) ideally offers security for key distribution and could revive OTP. However, special networks that may need optical fibers, satellite, relay stations, expensive detection equipment compared with telecom technology and the slow protocol offer powerful obstacles for widespread use of QKD. Classical encryption methods flood the secure communication landscape. Many of them rely its security on historical difficulties such as factoring of large numbers - their alleged security sometimes are presented as the difficulty to brake encryption by brute force. The possibility for a mathematical breakthrough that could make factoring trivial are poorly discussed. This work proposes a solution to bring perfect secrecy to in-transit communication and without the above problems. It shows the key distribution scheme (nicknamed KeyBITS Platform) based on classical signals carrying information but that carry with them recordings of quantum noise. Legitimate users start with a shared information of the coding bases used that gives them an information advantage that allows easy signal recovery. The recorded noise protects the legitimate users and block the attacker's access. This shared information is refreshed at the end of each batch of keys sent providing the secret shared information for the next round. With encryption keys distilled from securely transmitted signals at each round OTP can be revived and at fast speeds.
Built based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables secure communication for distant parties. Entanglement-based protocols are a type of QKD protocol that uses the phenomenon of entanglement for detecting eavesdroppers between two communicating parties. In this paper, a novel QKD protocol is devised that uses the concept of superdense coding and padding bits to share the one-time pad, i.e., the key. The super dense coding is achieved by sharing a pre-existing entangled pair of qubits by leveraging the beautiful property of entanglement. The communicating parties can share a one-time pad using this protocol securely. This paper will demonstrate this phenomenon using the proposed protocol by showing the experimental results which has been surfaced with IBM Qiskit simulator, and the simulation establishes the applicability of the protocol and shows its effectiveness in detecting eavesdropping attempts while being simple to implement.