Abstract The dipole-wave ontology proposes that all fundamental particles are point-like entities with oscillating dipoles that radiate real guiding waves. For the photon, the dipole is induced by the intrinsic electromagnetic wave and oscillates along the polarization direction. A key prediction of this ontology is that rotating the photon's polarization—and therefore its dipole orientation—should alter the spatial structure of the double-slit interference pattern, since the dipole radiation pattern shapes the guiding wave. Standard quantum mechanics predicts no such dependence. We tested this prediction using a tabletop double-slit apparatus. A red laser (650 nm) illuminated a double slit, and a half-wave retarder film was inserted after the slits to rotate the polarization. Interference patterns were photographed with and without the retarder, and with the retarder oriented to produce vertical and 45° polarization. Line profiles extracted from the averaged images were fitted with Gaussian functions, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) was used as a quantitative width metric. The vertical retarder produced a statistically significant narrowing of the central interference feature compared to the no-retarder baseline (). The halo surrounding the central feature elongated in the direction of the rotated polarization, tracking the retarder orientation. A control experiment using non-birefringent clear acetate film produced no significant narrowing and no directional elongation. These results are consistent with the dipole-wave prediction and are not explained by standard quantum mechanics.
Abstract The dipole-wave ontology proposes that all fundamental particles are point-like entities with oscillating dipoles that radiate real guiding waves. For the photon, the dipole is induced by the intrinsic electromagnetic wave and oscillates along the polarization direction. A key prediction of this ontology is that rotating the photon's polarization—and therefore its dipole orientation—should alter the spatial structure of the double-slit interference pattern, since the dipole radiation pattern shapes the guiding wave. Standard quantum mechanics predicts no such dependence. We tested this prediction using a tabletop double-slit apparatus. A red laser (650 nm) illuminated a double slit, and a half-wave retarder film was inserted after the slits to rotate the polarization. Interference patterns were photographed with and without the retarder, and with the retarder oriented to produce vertical and 45° polarization. Line profiles extracted from the averaged images were fitted with Gaussian functions, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) was used as a quantitative width metric. The vertical retarder produced a statistically significant narrowing of the central interference feature compared to the no-retarder baseline (). The halo surrounding the central feature elongated in the direction of the rotated polarization, tracking the retarder orientation. A control experiment using non-birefringent clear acetate film produced no significant narrowing and no directional elongation. These results are consistent with the dipole-wave prediction and are not explained by standard quantum mechanics.
Diffraction and interference fringes are stable and reproducible objective phenomena in optical experiments. Mainstream quantum mechanics puts forward the ontological interpretation of wave particle duality. It holds that the material ontology of micro particles such as photons inherently possesses both particle and wave properties, and attributes diffraction and interference phenomena directly to the intrinsic matter wave behavior of particles. This interpretation stays at the level of observational appearance and avoids underlying ontological dynamic mechanisms. It represents a research approach that deduces the intrinsic properties of material ontology merely from external observations. Within the framework of the light ontology theory, a photon is an energy state object. Energy and motion at the speed of light form an inseparable whole and are permanently bound together and cannot be separated. In the real universe, no photon with energy that does not travel at the speed of light has ever been observed. Nor has any object moving at the speed of light without energy been detected. The two cannot exist independently from one another. A photon has no physical volume but possesses inherent fixed transverse trembling property. At the moment a photon is generated, it acquires a definite trembling angle within a 360 degree spatial plane perpendicular to its propagation direction. This transverse trembling orientation remains unchanged without physical collision interaction. When the transverse trembling of a photon can reach the slit wall, absorption and reradiation secondary scattering will occur. Massive secondary photons superpose statistically to form bright and dark diffraction and interference fringes. Slit walls are stacked by large numbers of atoms. Their spatial scale is hundreds of thousands to tens of millions times larger than the scale of photon transverse trembling. For photons, slit walls constitute huge physical barriers and can produce significant interactions with trembling photons. The wave function is only a mathematical tool for fitting experimental data. Good fitting performance of a mathematical model does not mean its corresponding physical interpretation equals objective physical reality. This paper proposes a new set of comparative decisionmaking experiments. The key innovation is to place a linear polarizer in front of the slit. Before photons contact the slit, the transverse trembling orientation of photons is pre screened. The transverse trembling direction of transmitted photons is made parallel to the orientation of vertical slit walls to suppress oscillation components perpendicular to slit walls and make it difficult for photons to hit slit walls. Polarizers with different grating line widths can be replaced to observe the influence of the grating scale of polarizers on experimental results. According to the physical mechanism of slit wall scattering, characteristic diffraction and interference fringes will be greatly attenuated and only the central direct light spot will remain. Non ideal device characteristics will bring a small amount of stray scattering background, but complete bright and dark diffraction and interference structures will not appear. According to the traditional ontological interpretation of wave particle duality, the geometric parameters of slits remain completely unchanged. Only polarization orientation screening is conducted and the intrinsic matter wave of particle ontology is not affected. Therefore diffraction and interference fringes should be fully preserved. The two theories produce mutually exclusive observable predictions. This experiment can test whether the ontological interpretation of wave particle duality holds true. This paper does not deny objective diffraction and interference phenomena, nor does it deny the practical value of wave function as an engineering calculation tool.
AbstractStandard quantum mechanics rests on multiple postulates—state vectors, unitary evolution, the Born rule, and measurement collapse—that generate the measurement problem and require non-local or many-worlds interpretations. This paper proposes a simpler, local, and deterministic ontology. All fundamental particles are point-like entities with five intrinsic properties: mass, charge, spin, an oscillating dipole moment, and a definite position in 3D space. The spin axis is the axis along which the dipole oscillates. The oscillating dipole continuously radiates a real, local guiding wave, distinct from the classical electromagnetic wave. This guiding wave accounts for single-particle interference, diffraction, and quantum statistics. The point particle delivers discrete energy quanta locally upon interaction. Measurement outcomes are determined by the angle between the particle's pre-existing dipole orientation and the measurement device's axis. Entanglement is a classical correlation between dipole orientations, fixed at the moment of common creation at a vertex, and the observed cosine correlation curve emerges from the geometry of fixed dipoles meeting tilted measurement axes. The classical electromagnetic wave is a macroscopic, collective phenomenon, distinct from the single-particle guiding wave. Malus's law for bulk light is a property of this classical wave, not a quantum mystery. This dipole-wave ontology eliminates the measurement problem, restores locality and determinism, renders the photon's lack of a static dipole a natural consequence of its lack of mass, and achieves greater parsimony than standard quantum mechanics and its interpretations.
We report observations of Cross-Double-Slit Experiment and Which-Path-Cross-Double-Slit experiment. Cross-Double-Slit apparatus contains two double-slit, where first double-slit is perpendicular to second double-slit. The first double-slit and the second double-slit generate not only their own interference pattern perpendicular to each other, but also generate “Cross-interference-patterns”. When we do which-way experiment with one of two double-slit, say first double-slit, then its interference pattern disappeared, i.e., photons behave as particles; but the second double-slit’s interference pattern and the cross-interference-pattern still exist; which implies an significant phenomenon that in the same experiment, photons behave as both wave and particle, which is first time caught on film. Thus we suggest to re-study wave-particle duality, which is the basic mystery of quantum mechanics. We postulate that the particle nature of photons is intrinsic; while the wave-like of photons is manifest-behavior.
Abstract Young’s double slit experiment revived the wave theory of the light. The standard interpretation is that the light behaves as waves before and after passing through the diaphragm of the double slit. Feynman called the double slit experiment the only mystery in quantum mechanics. Recently, the photon chamber has been proposed and utilized to study the behavior of photons near the detecting screen. The experiments show that the light, near the screen, behaves as photons propagating along the straight-line trajectories, and the trajectories distribute as waves. In this article, we utilize two new methods to study experimentally the patterns near the diaphragm of the double slit/cross double slit. The experiments show that, the first time, within certain macroscopic distance from the diaphragm, (1) the pattern is non-interference and thus, the light behaves as photons and produces the “particle pattern” near the double slit; and (2) both the shape and nature of the patterns are distance-dependent; when the distance increases, the non-interference pattern gradually evolves to the interference pattern. The experiments: (1) provide novel phenomena/data for further theoretical development of the optics and for understanding the nature of the light; and (2) show the Feynman’s mystery with different aspect.
Young’s double slit experiment revived the wave theory of the light. The standard interpretation is that the light behaves as waves before and after passing through the diaphragm of the double slit. Feynman called the double slit experiment the only mystery in quantum mechanics. Recently, the photon chamber has been proposed and utilized to study the behavior of photons near the detecting screen. The experiments show that the light, near the screen, behaves as photons propagating along the straight-line trajectories, and the trajectories distribute as waves. Furthermore, the photon chamber experiments show that, withing a macroscopic distance from the double slit, the pattern is non-interference, which indicates that the standard double slit experiments violate the standard wave interpretations in the area near the diaphragm. In this article, we utilize two new methods to study how the non-interference pattern (near the double slit) evolving to the interference pattern (far from it). The experiments show, the first time, that (1) the shape of the pattern are distance-dependent, when the distance increases, the non-interference pattern evolves to the interference pattern, which indicates that the non-wave nature and the wave distribution coexist in the same wave experiment; (2) the light beams behave as photons near the double slit. The experiments: (1) provide novel phenomena/data for further theoretical development of the established optics and for understanding the nature of the light; (2) show the Feynman’s mystery in the different perspectives; (3) provide three methods that show the non-wave pattern in standard wave experiments and can be utilized to develop the classical optics further.
The double-slit experiment is the heart of quantum mechanics, yet its standard interpretation relies on the postulate of wavefunction probability amplitude. Starting from Space Ontology, we demonstrate that interference phenomena can be entirely derived from the geometric properties of classical spatial modes, without introducing probability amplitudes. Each slit is modeled as a localized soliton solution of the spatial orientation field equation; the interference pattern arises from the linear superposition of two mode energy densities in the far field. The key discovery is that the interference visibility V is uniquely determined by the geometric entanglement entropy E_geo of the modes, satisfying V = tanh(2E_geo). Here E_geo = ln Lambda(alpha) is a function of the mode's shape parameter alpha — a Gaussian mode (alpha=2) has zero entropy and cannot interfere, while a flat mode (alpha>2) carries large coherent capacity. This theory naturally explains the which-way and quantum eraser experiments: path marking introduces a third mode that dilutes correlations via the many-body correlation reduction theorem; erasure corresponds to the decoupling of that mode. As a flagship validation, we show that the theory quantitatively accounts for the macroscopic interference of 7000-atom sodium clusters, predicting a coherence width of approximately 66 nm — confirmed by experiment. Two testable predictions are proposed: a boundary shape compression effect, and a material-dependent visibility for nanoclusters of different compositions. This work demonstrates that wave-particle duality is not a mysterious quantum feature, but a manifestation of the geometric entanglement entropy of spatial modes — the flatter the mode, the greater the coherence capacity, and the clearer the interference. This paper is the second in the first series (17 papers total) of Space Ontology.