Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE Access

BQT-MDQW: Bidirectional Quantum Teleportation Protocol Using Modified Dijkstra-Based Quantum Walks for Multi-Hop Quantum Communication

Nada Ikken, Pankaj Kumar, Abdallah Slaoui, Binayak Kar, Rachid Ahl Laamara, Ahmed A. Abd El‐Latif, Fahad Alotaibi

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents BQT-MDQW, a hybrid quantum-classical framework for routing in multihop quantum communication networks. The framework combines fidelity-aware edge costs, quantum-walkassisted exploration, and resource-adaptive bidirectional quantum teleportation (BQT). Three composite entangled resources—W-Bell, GHZ-Bell, and Cluster-Bell—are formulated as candidate channels and compared under a common simulation model. The protocol estimates link-level channel-quality parameters and selects resource states and conditional Pauli recovery operations according to the estimated channel conditions. Routing is performed by a modified Dijkstra layer that minimizes a fidelity-derived edge cost, while a coined quantum walk supplies candidate high-fidelity regions of the network graph; the final route is reconstructed and verified classically. Circuit-level simulations are carried out on the Qiskit Aer simulator, and network-level evaluations are reported for graphs of 50-200 nodes under depolarizing noise and independent link-failure models.Within this simulated regime,W-Bell-based routing preserves comparatively higher end-to-end fidelity than GHZ-Bell- and Cluster-Bell-based routing, and the bidirectional scheme is presented as a trade-off against unidirectional teleportation rather than as a uniform performance gain. TheO(log2N) scaling reported here is an assumption-dependent estimate for the idealized quantum-walk search subroutine only, excluding state preparation, link-fidelity estimation, output extraction, classical path reconstruction, and hop-by-hop teleportation; it is not a complexity bound for the full routing protocol, and unconditional quantum speedup over classical shortest-path routing is not established. The contribution is a proof-of-concept hybrid framework that integrates fidelity-aware routing, quantum-walkassisted exploration, and bidirectional teleportation for multi-hop quantum networks.

DOI
10.1109/access.2026.3728241

Related papers

Bidirectional multi-nodes quantum teleportation using discrete-time quantum walk

Nada Ikken, Pankaj Kumar, Abdallah Slaoui +4 more

We suggest a new technique for bidirectional quantum teleportation (BQT) that combines coherent-state encoding with discrete-time quantum walks to allow two users to communicate quantum information simultaneously. Our method enables Alice and Bob to simultaneously teleport quantum states to one another within a single protocol, as compared to unidirectional teleportation, which only transmits quantum states in one direction. To allow for a qubit-like representation and fidelity analysis using Bloch vector formalism, the quantum information is encoded using non-orthogonal coherent states that are converted into an orthonormal basis of even and odd Schrödinger cat states. Four different quantum walk steps, each acting on a three-part quantum system made up of position and coin spaces, drive the teleportation process. We use density matrix overlaps in the even-odd basis to derive closed-form formulas for teleportation fidelity in both directions analytically. Using the SeQUeNCe discrete-event simulator, we simulate large-scale quantum network settings with realistic limitations, including photon loss, memory decoherence, entanglement swapping degradation, and various channel capacities in order to evaluate the potential of our approach. We evaluate quantum memory utilization, throughput, and end-to-end fidelity in various network topologies and scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that BQT allows symmetric communication with strong fidelity, particularly in high-capacity and large-scale network situations, but requires a greater resource overhead than unidirectional protocols. The hybrid framework developed in this study offers a scalable and analytically simple solution for next-generation quantum communication systems by combining discrete-time quantum evolution with continuous-variable state encoding.

Scientific Reports•Dec 29, 2025•1 citation

Enhanced two-way teleportation of entangled states with six-qubit cluster channel

R Vedhanayagi, Soubhik De, Basherrudin Mahmud Ahmed A +1 more

Abstract A bidirectional quantum teleportation protocol is proposed for the transfer of two-qubit entangled states between two parties utilizing a six-qubit cluster state quantum channel. The protocol enhances the resource efficiency by allowing the reconstruction of teleported states without the use of CNOT operations or auxiliary qubits at the receiver’s end. Comparative analysis with existing schemes highlights the higher intrinsic efficiency of the proposed approach for bidirectional quantum teleportation. The protocol is further generalized to enable the bidirectional teleportation of arbitrary n-qubit entangled states using the same six-qubit quantum resource, demonstrating scalability. The protocol is simulated under various noise models to evaluate its robustness, with fidelity assessments carried out using the IBM Qiskit SDK. A complete teleportation circuit implementing the protocol is designed using standard quantum gates.

Physica Scripta•May 22, 2025•0 citations

Unified Framework for Bidirectional and Cyclic Teleportation under Noise

Soubhik De, Vedhanayagi R, Basherrudin Mahmud Ahmed A +1 more

Quantum teleportation has evolved from single-qubit, unidirectional communication to multi-qubit and multidirectional protocols. However, most existing schemes rely on protocol-specific entangled resources, motivating the development of universal quantum channels capable of supporting multiple communication tasks simultaneously. In this work, we demonstrate that a single twelve-qubit entangled channel exhibits such versatility by enabling the bidirectional teleportation of arbitrary three-qubit states and the cyclic teleportation of arbitrary two-qubit states through local Bell-state measurements and single-qubit operations. Both protocols are further generalized to multi-qubit and multi-party configurations, establishing the scalability of the proposed framework. To assess its practical applicability, the protocols are analyzed under amplitude-damping, phase-damping, bit-flip, phase-flip, and depolarizing noise channels by plotting the teleportation fidelity as a function of both the input-state parameters and noise strength. The analysis reveals distinct noise sensitivities, with the bidirectional protocol remaining perfectly faithful under bit-flip noise for all input states and noise strengths, while the cyclic protocol is consistently more vulnerable to environmental disturbances. The proposed schemes achieve an intrinsic efficiency of $25\%$, which is compared with several existing protocols. The framework therefore provides a scalable and resource-efficient approach to unified quantum communication in realistic noisy quantum networks.

quant-pharXiv:2607.23820•Jul 28, 2026•0 citations

Routing protocol for wireless quantum multi-hop mesh backbone network based on partially entangled GHZ state

Pei-Ying Xiong, Xutao Yu, Zaichen Zhang +2 more

Quantum multi-hop teleportation is important in the field of quantum communication. In this study, we propose a quantum multi-hop communication model and a quantum routing protocol with multihop teleportation for wireless mesh backbone networks. Based on an analysis of quantum multi-hop protocols, a partially entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state is selected as the quantum channel for the proposed protocol. Both quantum and classical wireless channels exist between two neighboring nodes along the route. With the proposed routing protocol, quantum information can be transmitted hop by hop from the source node to the destination node. Based on multi-hop teleportation based on the partially entangled GHZ state, a quantum route established with the minimum number of hops. The difference between our routing protocol and the classical one is that in the former, the processes used to find a quantum route and establish quantum channel entanglement occur simultaneously. The Bell state measurement results of each hop are piggybacked to quantum route finding information. This method reduces the total number of packets and the magnitude of air interface delay. The deduction of the establishment of a quantum channel between source and destination is also presented here. The final success probability of quantum multi-hop teleportation in wireless mesh backbone networks was simulated and analyzed. Our research shows that quantum multi-hop teleportation in wireless mesh backbone networks through a partially entangled GHZ state is feasible.

arXiv:1609.02329•Frontiers of Physics•Oct 11, 2016•30 citations

Beyond Bell Teleportation: Machine-Learned Adaptive Protocols

Krishnajith C Vinod, N C Randeep

Quantum teleportation have a central role in quantum information science and allows transferring of an unknown quantum state through entanglement and classical communication. Unfortunately, the interaction with external and internal noise severely affects the quality of teleportation and poses limitations on practical applications of quantum communication networks. In this work, instead of conventional Bell teleportation, we introduce a Machine Learned adaptive protocol for optimizing multiple components of Quantum Teleportation in order to achieve higher fidelity in various noise environments. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme, we study three different noise models, including bit-flip, amplitude damping, and depolarizing noise, both in case of single-qubit and two-qubit channels. As a result, we observe substantial improvement in the teleportation fidelity in comparison to the classical Bell-state teleportation protocol in certain noise conditions. Furthermore, the machine-learned protocol reveals a nontrivial strategy for compensation of decoherence and information losses. In addition, obtained results indicate the flexibility and reliability of the proposed framework for implementing various adaptive quantum communications while shedding light on possibilities of discovery of optimal quantum algorithms by means of automated approache

quant-pharXiv:2605.16467•May 18, 2026•0 citations

Bidirectional Quantum Teleportation by Using Two GHZ-States as the Quantum Channel

Vikram Verma

Bidirectional quantum teleportation protocol enables two way quantum communication between two quantum nodes in a quantum communication network. In quantum network, the quantum nodes are linked to each other through a quantum channel. In this letter, by using the quantum channel composed of two three-qubit GHZ states, we propose an improved protocol for asymmetric bidirectional quantum teleportation which is based on local CNOT gate operations, Bell state measurements, GHZ-state measurements and unitary operations. Compared with previous protocols for bidirectional quantum teleportation, the proposed protocol requires less consumption of quantum and classical resources, possesses higher intrinsic efficiency and less operation complexity.

IEEE Communications Letters•Nov 6, 2020•42 citations
This paper presents BQT-MDQW, a hybrid quantum-classical framework for routing in multihop quantum communication networks. The framework combines fidelity-aware edge costs, quantum-walkassisted exploration, and resource-adaptive bidirectional quantum teleportation (BQT). Three composite entangled resources—W-Bell, GHZ-Bell, and Cluster-Bell—are formulated as candidate channels and compared under a common simulation model. The protocol estimates link-level channel-quality parameters and selects resource states and conditional Pauli recovery operations according to the estimated channel conditions. Routing is performed by a modified Dijkstra layer that minimizes a fidelity-derived edge cost, while a coined quantum walk supplies candidate high-fidelity regions of the network graph; the final route is reconstructed and verified classically. Circuit-level simulations are carried out on the Qiskit Aer simulator, and network-level evaluations are reported for graphs of 50-200 nodes under depolarizing noise and independent link-failure models.Within this simulated regime,W-Bell-based routing preserves comparatively higher end-to-end fidelity than GHZ-Bell- and Cluster-Bell-based routing, and the bidirectional scheme is presented as a trade-off against unidirectional teleportation rather than as a uniform performance gain. TheO(log2N) scaling reported here is an assumption-dependent estimate for the idealized quantum-walk search subroutine only, excluding state preparation, link-fidelity estimation, output extraction, classical path reconstruction, and hop-by-hop teleportation; it is not a complexity bound for the full routing protocol, and unconditional quantum speedup over classical shortest-path routing is not established. The contribution is a proof-of-concept hybrid framework that integrates fidelity-aware routing, quantum-walkassisted exploration, and bidirectional teleportation for multi-hop quantum networks.
We suggest a new technique for bidirectional quantum teleportation (BQT) that combines coherent-state encoding with discrete-time quantum walks to allow two users to communicate quantum information simultaneously. Our method enables Alice and Bob to simultaneously teleport quantum states to one another within a single protocol, as compared to unidirectional teleportation, which only transmits quantum states in one direction. To allow for a qubit-like representation and fidelity analysis using Bloch vector formalism, the quantum information is encoded using non-orthogonal coherent states that are converted into an orthonormal basis of even and odd Schrödinger cat states. Four different quantum walk steps, each acting on a three-part quantum system made up of position and coin spaces, drive the teleportation process. We use density matrix overlaps in the even-odd basis to derive closed-form formulas for teleportation fidelity in both directions analytically. Using the SeQUeNCe discrete-event simulator, we simulate large-scale quantum network settings with realistic limitations, including photon loss, memory decoherence, entanglement swapping degradation, and various channel capacities in order to evaluate the potential of our approach. We evaluate quantum memory utilization, throughput, and end-to-end fidelity in various network topologies and scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that BQT allows symmetric communication with strong fidelity, particularly in high-capacity and large-scale network situations, but requires a greater resource overhead than unidirectional protocols. The hybrid framework developed in this study offers a scalable and analytically simple solution for next-generation quantum communication systems by combining discrete-time quantum evolution with continuous-variable state encoding.
Abstract A bidirectional quantum teleportation protocol is proposed for the transfer of two-qubit entangled states between two parties utilizing a six-qubit cluster state quantum channel. The protocol enhances the resource efficiency by allowing the reconstruction of teleported states without the use of CNOT operations or auxiliary qubits at the receiver’s end. Comparative analysis with existing schemes highlights the higher intrinsic efficiency of the proposed approach for bidirectional quantum teleportation. The protocol is further generalized to enable the bidirectional teleportation of arbitrary n-qubit entangled states using the same six-qubit quantum resource, demonstrating scalability. The protocol is simulated under various noise models to evaluate its robustness, with fidelity assessments carried out using the IBM Qiskit SDK. A complete teleportation circuit implementing the protocol is designed using standard quantum gates.
Quantum teleportation has evolved from single-qubit, unidirectional communication to multi-qubit and multidirectional protocols. However, most existing schemes rely on protocol-specific entangled resources, motivating the development of universal quantum channels capable of supporting multiple communication tasks simultaneously. In this work, we demonstrate that a single twelve-qubit entangled channel exhibits such versatility by enabling the bidirectional teleportation of arbitrary three-qubit states and the cyclic teleportation of arbitrary two-qubit states through local Bell-state measurements and single-qubit operations. Both protocols are further generalized to multi-qubit and multi-party configurations, establishing the scalability of the proposed framework. To assess its practical applicability, the protocols are analyzed under amplitude-damping, phase-damping, bit-flip, phase-flip, and depolarizing noise channels by plotting the teleportation fidelity as a function of both the input-state parameters and noise strength. The analysis reveals distinct noise sensitivities, with the bidirectional protocol remaining perfectly faithful under bit-flip noise for all input states and noise strengths, while the cyclic protocol is consistently more vulnerable to environmental disturbances. The proposed schemes achieve an intrinsic efficiency of 25%25\%25%, which is compared with several existing protocols. The framework therefore provides a scalable and resource-efficient approach to unified quantum communication in realistic noisy quantum networks.
Quantum multi-hop teleportation is important in the field of quantum communication. In this study, we propose a quantum multi-hop communication model and a quantum routing protocol with multihop teleportation for wireless mesh backbone networks. Based on an analysis of quantum multi-hop protocols, a partially entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state is selected as the quantum channel for the proposed protocol. Both quantum and classical wireless channels exist between two neighboring nodes along the route. With the proposed routing protocol, quantum information can be transmitted hop by hop from the source node to the destination node. Based on multi-hop teleportation based on the partially entangled GHZ state, a quantum route established with the minimum number of hops. The difference between our routing protocol and the classical one is that in the former, the processes used to find a quantum route and establish quantum channel entanglement occur simultaneously. The Bell state measurement results of each hop are piggybacked to quantum route finding information. This method reduces the total number of packets and the magnitude of air interface delay. The deduction of the establishment of a quantum channel between source and destination is also presented here. The final success probability of quantum multi-hop teleportation in wireless mesh backbone networks was simulated and analyzed. Our research shows that quantum multi-hop teleportation in wireless mesh backbone networks through a partially entangled GHZ state is feasible.
Quantum teleportation have a central role in quantum information science and allows transferring of an unknown quantum state through entanglement and classical communication. Unfortunately, the interaction with external and internal noise severely affects the quality of teleportation and poses limitations on practical applications of quantum communication networks. In this work, instead of conventional Bell teleportation, we introduce a Machine Learned adaptive protocol for optimizing multiple components of Quantum Teleportation in order to achieve higher fidelity in various noise environments. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme, we study three different noise models, including bit-flip, amplitude damping, and depolarizing noise, both in case of single-qubit and two-qubit channels. As a result, we observe substantial improvement in the teleportation fidelity in comparison to the classical Bell-state teleportation protocol in certain noise conditions. Furthermore, the machine-learned protocol reveals a nontrivial strategy for compensation of decoherence and information losses. In addition, obtained results indicate the flexibility and reliability of the proposed framework for implementing various adaptive quantum communications while shedding light on possibilities of discovery of optimal quantum algorithms by means of automated approache
Bidirectional quantum teleportation protocol enables two way quantum communication between two quantum nodes in a quantum communication network. In quantum network, the quantum nodes are linked to each other through a quantum channel. In this letter, by using the quantum channel composed of two three-qubit GHZ states, we propose an improved protocol for asymmetric bidirectional quantum teleportation which is based on local CNOT gate operations, Bell state measurements, GHZ-state measurements and unitary operations. Compared with previous protocols for bidirectional quantum teleportation, the proposed protocol requires less consumption of quantum and classical resources, possesses higher intrinsic efficiency and less operation complexity.