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Physical Review A

High-fidelity control of superconducting qubits with an optically transmitted signal

Anonymous, Dengxin Fan, Na Li, Fusheng Chen, Shaowei Li, Dongdong Li, Yu Xu, Jin Lin, Ming Gong, He-Liang Huang, Hui Deng, Yulin Wu, Haoran Qian, Shaojun Guo, Futian Liang, Xiaobo Zhu, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Aug 24, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1103/m1wg-synr

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Superconducting circuits exhibit remarkable potential for constructing large-scale quantum simulation and computation systems, featuring numerous qubits, extended coherence time, and precise control. Nevertheless, the growing number of signal cables poses a challenge in dilution refrigerators due to space and heat load constraints. To overcome this issue, we experimentally implemented an optically-assisted transmission line as an alternative to coaxial cables. By modulating microwave signals on laser intensities at room temperature and regenerating the signals at a cryogenic plate within the dilution refrigerator, we demonstrated full control of superconducting qubits using photocurrent. We demonstrate and benchmark both single-qubit and two-qubit gates on frequency tunable transmon qubits, achieving fidelities of 99.915% ±\pm± 0.005% and 99.676% ±\pm± 0.041%, respectively, which have reached the requirement of the surface code.
Superconducting quantum circuits operate at millikelvin temperatures, typically requiring independent microwave cables for each qubit for connecting room-temperature control and readout electronics. However, scaling to large-scale processors hosting hundreds of qubits faces a severe input/output (I/O) bottleneck, as the dense cable arrays impose prohibitive constraints on physical footprint, thermal load, wiring complexity, and cost. Here we demonstrate a complete optical I/O architecture for superconducting quantum circuits, in which all control and readout signals are transmitted exclusively via optical photons. Employing a broadband traveling-wave Brillouin microwave-to-optical transducer, we achieve simultaneous frequency-multiplexed optical readout of two qubits. Combined with fiber-integrated photodiode arrays for control signal delivery, this closed-loop optical I/O introduces no measurable degradation to qubit coherence times, with an optically driven single-qubit gate fidelity showing only a 0.19% reduction relative to standard microwave operation. These results establish optical interconnects as a viable path toward large-scale superconducting quantum processors, and open the possibility of networking multiple superconducting quantum computers housed in separate dilution refrigerators through a centralized room-temperature control infrastructure.