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Lecture notes in computer science

A Post-quantum Security Framework for European Digital Identities

José Manuel Merlos, Jesús García-Rodríguez, Antonio Skármeta, Stefan More, Sakshyam Panda, Iakovos Pittaras, Vasilios A. Siris

Published Aug 23, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-032-37218-5_10

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The aviation industry faces significant challenges due to rising global air travel demand. Frequency saturation in Air Traffic Management (ATM) leads to communication problems, necessitating the enhancement of traditional systems. The Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) initiative, backed by the European Commission, aims to digitize ATM, with the L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS) as a key component. LDACS aims to improve communication, enhance surveillance, and optimize airspace usage for safer, more efficient ATM. Although LDACS is protected against most cyberattacks, a critical security objective, anonymity, is currently overlooked. To strengthen LDACS’s security, robust authentication mechanisms, Post-Quantum security, and measures to ensure aircraft anonymity are crucial. Therefore, we propose a comprehensive security framework to enhance LDACS’s cybersecurity, focusing on mutual authentication and key agreement. The protocol uses Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) for robust mutual authentication and Bit-flipping Key Encapsulation (BIKE) for secure session key establishment utilizing Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). This framework ensures anonymity and secure communication between aircraft and ground stations while minimizing message exchange, latency, and data overhead. An informal security analysis confirms our proposed framework’s potential to augment the efficiency and security of ATM operations.
Abstract In context of a rapidly developing digital landscape, it has become imperative that users secure their digital interactions. The advent of quantum computing presses this need further. This research presents a comprehensive framework for a digital identity system using post-quantum cryptographic paradigms to ensure long-term security and privacy. By integrating quantum-resistant algorithms for primitives such as key encapsulation mechanisms, digital signatures, and advanced hashing techniques, the proposed system delivers secure identity management. The framework is designed to withstand potential threats posed by quantum computers while maintaining compatibility with existing infrastructure. We evaluate the system's performance through a rigorous security analysis of the proposed algorithm by time leakage vectors and statistical analysis thereof, concluding that there are no implementation attack vectors independent to the proposed algorithm and that it's security is reliant on its components only.