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Information Communication Technologies Conference (ICTC)

Quantum Random Number Generator Chip Based on Photon Number Counting

Xiaoyuan Yu, Zaiguang Li, Xiao Shi, Yuyang Pei, Congjun Xia

Published May 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/ictc70246.2026.11650568

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Optical quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are a special class of physical random data sources, whose randomness is established on elementary quantum optics processes. We present a QRNG based on a CMOS chip which overcomes the limitations of the commonly used optical QRNG and which achieves a random bit generation rate up to 200 Mb/s. The CMOS chip is based on an array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and digital counters. We prove the absolute randomness of the generated random data through statistical test suites and even more stringent correlation and bias tests applied to 32 Gbit streams. The QRNG passes all tests; hence, it proves to be one of the fastest and more reliable CMOS optical QRNGs currently available.
Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) can generate true random numbers and have significant applications in quantum communication, numerical computation, and model simulation. However, the rate of random number generation based on photon detection is constrained by the maximum count rate of a single-photon detector. Therefore, improving the efficiency of random number generation for individual photon detection events becomes an optional way to increase the rate of random number generation. In this paper, multidimensional photon detection is implemented to enhance single-photon detection events, thereby providing a new, to the best of our knowledge, technical development strategy for high-speed random number generators. The temporal and spatial coherence of coherent-state photons is utilized as a valuable quantum resource, enabling us to achieve the simultaneous extraction of time-space measurement collapsed randomness for single-photon detection events using a chip-scale CMOS-integrated single-photon avalanche diode array. The efficiency of random number generation for single-photon detection events is effectively improved. In our experiments, up to 20 bits can be extracted from an individual photon detection event, and the rate of random number generation reaches up to 2.067 Gbps.
Random numbers are extensively utilized in cryptography, where the application of security systems demands random number generators of high reliability. In the scheme of generating quantum random numbers based on photon number counting—LED light source, CMOS image sensor(CIS), and post-processing module are integrated together. However, property of LED and CIS are significantly influenced by the operating environment temperature, limiting its applications in practice. This paper proposes the self-regulating module to regulate the flux of LED light and exposure time of CIS during operation, which enlarges working temperature of the QRNG chip. The novel self-regulating module can adjust the LED driven current, CIS exposure time based on the data of self-test. The mean value of readout number in extreme temperature is stabilized at around 550. Technical noise is under 8 electrons and quantum noise minentropy is stabilized at around 0.53 bits/bit in extreme temperatures. Tests results demonstrate the output random number bits satisfy the criteria of standards at extreme temperature −40 °C and 85 °C.