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IEEE Internet of Things Magazine

Toward Secure Zero-Touch e-Health Systems: Quantum Cryptography for Medical IoT

Yao–Hsin Chou, Jyun–Yi Shen, Shu–Yu Kuo, Hsin‐Hung Cho, Sachin Kumar, Saru Kumari

Published Aug 21, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/miot.2026.3722177

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In an Internet of Things (IoT)-based healthcare system, medical IoT devices gather and transmit critical patient data. Ensuring the security and privacy of medical data is paramount. One of the most critical challenges in this regard is the authentication of participating entities. The literature proposes specific authentication approaches for healthcare systems based on integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems. However, the advent of quantum computers would fundamentally break all of these protocols. In this study, we conducted an analysis of a recently proposed authentication and access control scheme for e-health systems, which is based on lattice-based cryptography and was developed by Gupta et al. Our analysis revealed that the scheme is vulnerable to several types of attacks, including impersonation, de-synchronization, and smart card stolen attacks, which could compromise the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive medical data. To address these security challenges, we propose an alternative authentication and access control scheme that uses Saber, a finalist lattice-based key encapsulation algorithm from round three of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization. One of the biggest advantages of Saber is its simplicity and efficiency. Our proposed scheme is designed specifically for e-health systems and provides robust protection against the vulnerabilities identified in Gupta et al.’s scheme. We believe that our proposed scheme represents a significant improvement over existing approaches and could help to enhance the security and privacy of e-health systems. Upon completion of our improved protocol, we proceeded to implement it within the Vivado 2018.3 environment for Zynq UltraScale FPGAs. To gather insight into its performance, we conducted a performance comparison study with various related protocols.
The increasing digitalization of the healthcare system, driven by electronic health records, medical IoT devices, and AI-aided diagnostics, has significantly expanded the attack surface for cyber threats. Although current cryptographic protocols provide sufficient security against classical adversaries, new developments in quantum computing threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of medical information as never before. Shor’s algorithm could break widely used asymmetric encryption systems, and Grover’s algorithm weakens symmetric ones, which could render modern healthcare security systems obsolete. This review provides an in-depth and organized analysis of the evolving quantum threat environment in healthcare ecosystems and of the need to move toward quantum-resilient security architectures. It synthesizes the existing literature on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and identifies lattice-based, hash-based, multivariate, and code-based algorithms as potentially viable long-term replacements. Moreover, it examines the cybersecurity issues that quantum-enabled attacks pose to medical IoT systems, clinical decision-support systems, wearable sensors, telemedicine systems, and cloud-based health information exchanges. The review also covers hybrid quantum-classical defenses, quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum random number generation (QRNG), and blockchain-based trust systems that aim to make systems resilient to advanced persistent quantum attacks. This paper identifies key gaps and outlines future research directions for developing quantum-secure medical systems. The results highlight the importance of early adoption of PQC standards and a layered cyber defense approach to protect patient privacy, ensure regulatory compliance, and retain trust in next-generation digital medical data communication.
The secure Medical Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing patient monitoring and healthcare data man-agement in military environments, where real-time health as-sessments of soldiers are critical. However, the exchange of sensitive medical data in these interconnected systems raises concerns about data security and privacy, particularly in military operations. This paper proposes a Quantum-Enhanced Seman-tic Communication framework to secure medical IoTin such contexts. Combining quantum communication with semantic interoperability, the framework leverages quantum mechanics principles such as entanglement and superposition to enable encryption and decryption that are resistant to conventional and emerging cyber threats. This research comprehensively analyzes quantum key distribution protocols and semantic interoperability standards to create a robust solution for secure medical data exchange in military IoTnetworks. The framework is tested with health monitoring sensors that transmit semantically rich data, protected by quantum encryption, in a simulated military environment. As quantum computing evolves, this approach offers a path to safeguard sensitive medical information in military settings, improving data security and improving the efficiency of healthcare services for soldiers.