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International Journal on Robotics Automation and Sciences

Quantum Steganography Using BB84 Protocol for Secure Data Hiding in Cover Text

Win Pa Pa Phyo, Hsu Wai Hnin, Cho Cho Myint

Published Jul 31, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Many people use the internet for communication, but there is a problem with protecting their information. To ward off the attackers, they need secure communication such as cryptography and steganography techniques. To maintain the security of information, improving the technology of steganography is necessary. In this paper, we propose a novel method to create the secret quantum text steganography more difficult for attackers to intercept. Firstly, the proposed method generates a secret message as a binary string by combining the secret key of the BB84 protocol and message. Then, the secret message is embedded in the first character of each line in the cover text. In the cover text, the first character of each line is changed to the case of the specific character, such as uppercase or lowercase, according to the secret message to be hidden. The cover text uses the English language. Experimental results describe the effectiveness of the proposed method for hiding data within the cover text while maintaining a high level of security. The proposed model is able to secure data transmission because it was difficult for the attacker to reveal or intercept data.

DOI
10.33093/ijoras.2026.8.2.2

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Many people use the internet for communication, but there is a problem with protecting their information. To ward off the attackers, they need secure communication such as cryptography and steganography techniques. To maintain the security of information, improving the technology of steganography is necessary. In this paper, we propose a novel method to create the secret quantum text steganography more difficult for attackers to intercept. Firstly, the proposed method generates a secret message as a binary string by combining the secret key of the BB84 protocol and message. Then, the secret message is embedded in the first character of each line in the cover text. In the cover text, the first character of each line is changed to the case of the specific character, such as uppercase or lowercase, according to the secret message to be hidden. The cover text uses the English language. Experimental results describe the effectiveness of the proposed method for hiding data within the cover text while maintaining a high level of security. The proposed model is able to secure data transmission because it was difficult for the attacker to reveal or intercept data.
In response to rising cyber threats and the limitations of traditional security, this project proposes a hybrid framework combining quantum cryptography and text-based steganography for secure and concealed communication. Using the BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol, a secure quantum key is established and extended with SHA-256 to encrypt a secret message via XOR operations. The encrypted data is embedded into a cover text using three steganographic techniques: case-based, zero-width, and color-based methods, the latter including double-color and double-color overlay variants. The techniques are evaluated on embedding efficiency, payload capacity, entropy, and deviation percentage. Among them, double-layer color-based steganography demonstrates superior performance, achieving up to 6 bits/symbol and 95% efficiency, with minimal error and high integrity. The system is implemented using Qiskit and HTML rendering, validating its practical feasibility. This dual-layer security model ensures confidentiality and invisibility, offering a robust, quantum-enhanced approach to secure communication in sensitive applications.
Several approaches and techniques exist to make communication via the internet secure, one of these approaches is steganography. Computer steganography is a technique used to conceal data within cover media, ensuring that its presence remains undetected by others. We investigate the steganography potential applications in quantum communication and assess its benefits in the context of secret information transmission. Quantum computers, built on the principles of quantum physics, have introduced new possibilities for researchers in security and computer science. This paper explores the possibilities of realizing a quantum steganography communication, the challenges and its achievements of quantum steganography to tackle a wide range of security and privacy challenges. The article deals with the steganography system which hides text inside images and after that realize quantum communication. The secret message is hidden in the cover image using Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm. The paper proposes an information transmission scheme with a quantum channel enabled and visualization of quantum steganography protocol.
Steganography is a technique hiding secret information within innocent-looking information (e.g., text, audio, image, video, and so on). In this paper, we propose a quantum steganography protocol using plain text as innocent-looking information called cover data. Our steganograpy protocol has three features. First, we can use any plain text that is inde-pendent of any secret message sent between parties. When we make stego data, we do not need to change the content of plain text at all. Second, embedded messages are not included in opened information (innocent-looking messages), but are included as phases of the entangled states. Finally, in quantum states shared between parties in advance, i.e., as quantum keys used when the parties recover secret messages from stego data, neither innocent-looking information nor the information of any secret message is included.
Encrypted messages sending frequently draws the attention of third parties, perhaps causing attempts to break and reveal the original messages. Steganography is introduced to hide the existence of the communication by concealing a secret message in an appropriate carrier like text, image, audio or video. Quantum steganography where the sender (Alice) embeds her steganographic information into the cover and sends it to the receiver (Bob) over a communication channel. Alice and Bob share an algorithm and hide quantum information in the cover. An eavesdropper (Eve) without access to the algorithm can-t find out the existence of the quantum message. In this paper, a text quantum steganography technique based on the use of indefinite articles (a) or (an) in conjunction with the nonspecific or non-particular nouns in English language and quantum gate truth table have been proposed. The authors also introduced a new code representation technique (SSCE - Secret Steganography Code for Embedding) at both ends in order to achieve high level of security. Before the embedding operation each character of the secret message has been converted to SSCE Value and then embeds to cover text. Finally stego text is formed and transmits to the receiver side. At the receiver side different reverse operation has been carried out to get back the original information.
Several approaches and techniques exist to make communication via the internet secure, one of these approaches is steganography. Computer steganography can be defined as a method of hiding data in cover media so that others are not aware of its existence. Quantum computers, built on the principles of quantum physics, have introduced new possibilities for researchers in security and computer science. This paper explores the fundamentals of quantum computing, its achievements, and the challenges and future prospects it presents in the field of cryptography and steganography. Quantum computers give us a new approach to different kinds of complicated problems in security fields by creating multi-state computing spaces. The article deals with the steganography system which hides text inside images and after that realize quantum communication. The secret message is hidden in the cover image using Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm. The paper proposes an information transmission scheme with a quantum channel enabled. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that implements a cryptographic protocol involving components of quantum mechanics.
Quantum steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communications, which transmit the secret message in an insecure quantum channel, are occurring. This paper presents a novel quantum steganography protocol based on probability measurements for transmitting n qubits secret message in an insecure quantum channel. In the protocol, senders embed the secret message into the cover data by POVM measurements. Then, receivers can correctly extract the secret message and recover the cover data with a certain probability by selecting two sets of appropriate protective measurement operators to act projective measurements, respectively. More importantly, the existence of the secret message has no influence on the cover data. In addition, the security of our protocol does not rely on other protocols. The paper analyzes the secrecy and the security in detail.