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Coupling nitrogen vacancy centres for sensitivity improvement

Ernst David Herbschleb, Riku Kawase, Hiroyuki Kawashima, Hiromitsu Kato, Toshiharu Makino, Satoshi Yamasaki, Onoda Shinobu, Abe Hiroshi, Ohshima Takeshi, Norikazu Mizuochi

Published Nov 17, 2023• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum sensing, with its ultra-high sensitivities, promises to revolutionise many fields of science. For applications that require working under ambient conditions, an important option is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre. One quantum resource that makes quantum sensing sensitive is coherence, which is utilised in many established protocols. However, the ultimate quantum resource, entanglement, has so far not been used with any existing quantum sensor. This indicates the challenge to utilise it, but the reward would be a significant improvement in sensitivity.

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•Jan 1, 2020•0 citations
Quantum sensing, with its ultra-high sensitivities, promises to revolutionise many fields of science. For applications that require working under ambient conditions, an important option is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre. One quantum resource that makes quantum sensing sensitive is coherence, which is utilised in many established protocols. However, the ultimate quantum resource, entanglement, has so far not been used with any existing quantum sensor. This indicates the challenge to utilise it, but the reward would be a significant improvement in sensitivity.
Quantum sensing affects many fields of science, both fundamental and applied, since a high spatial resolution in combination with high sensitivities enables closeup investigation of interesting phenomena via for example spin-wave measurements [1]. One example quantum sensor that offers a high resolution due to its atomic size and works under ambient conditions is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre. Two quantum resources separate quantum sensing from classical sensing: coherence and entanglement. The former is already basic in many known detection protocols. However, the latter has so far not been used efficiently with any quantum sensor. This is an indication of the major challenge ahead, but the potential result is a significant enhancement of the sensitivity, further increasing the possibilities with quantum sensors.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond is a perfect candidate for quantum sensing applications applied to numerous fields of science. Past studies improved the sensitivity of diamonds containing NV centres by increasing their density or prolonging their coherence time. However, few studies discussed the effects of other defects inside the diamond crystal on the sensitivity of the NV centres. In this study, we demonstrated the implication of single substitutional nitrogen defects on the fluorescence emission, charge state stability, coherence time and sensitivity of the NV centres. We found that there is an optimal concentration of nitrogen defects that allows diamond samples to have a high-density of NV centres and high fluorescence without significantly affecting the coherence time. This results will inform the correct choice of diamond characteristics for current and future quantum sensing applications with the NV centres.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond is a perfect candidate for quantum sensing applications applied to numerous fields of science. Past studies improved the sensitivity of diamonds containing NV centres by increasing their density or prolonging their coherence time. However, few studies discussed the effects of other defects inside the diamond crystal on the sensitivity of the NV centres. In this study, we demonstrated the implication of single substitutional nitrogen defects on the fluorescence emission, charge state stability, coherence time and sensitivity of the NV centres. We found that there is an optimal concentration of nitrogen defects that allows diamond samples to have a high-density of NV centres and high fluorescence without significantly affecting the coherence time. This results will inform the correct choice of diamond characteristics for current and future quantum sensing applications with the NV centres.
The precision measurements provided by quantum sensing plays a significant role in fields of science. However, the sensitivity is limited by the standard quantum limit (SQL). Quantum entangled state have a potential to beat the SQL and to approach the Heisenberg limit (HL). In particular, entanglement sensors based on Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers provide high spatial resolution at room temperature. In 2021, it was reported that the multi-spin sensor constituted by the NV electron spin (S=1), the 14N nuclear spin (I=1), and proximate 13C nuclear spin (I=1/2) beat the SQL1 . However, since the nuclear gyromagnetic ratio is ~MHz/T, it does not lead to a dramatic improvement of sensitivity. For enhancement of quantum sensing, it is required to utilize the entangled state among dipole coupled NV centers.
Single qubit in solid-state materials recently emerges as a versatile platform for quantum information. Among them, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre in diamond has become a powerful tool in quantum sensing for detecting various physics parameters, including electric and magnetic fields, temperature, force, strain, with ultimate precision and resolutions. It has been widely used in different conditions, from samples in ambient to samples in ultra-high pressure and low temperature. It can detect quantum phase transitions as well as neuron activities. Here we give a general review on both the physics of the sensing mechanism and protocols and applications.
When the word diamond comes up, the majority of people thinks about engagement rings or gemstones. In fact, it is additionally, one of the most promising host materials for the implementation of advanced technology, exploiting the nature of quantum physics. Such quantum technologies have disruptive potential, ones the quantum effects can be applied in macroscopic, commercial products. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond is a promising candidate to perform such tasks in the fields of quantum computation, quantum cryptography or metrology. Especially in the field of quantum sensing, the NV sensor impresses with nano-scale spatial resolution paired with high sensitivity. The electronic spin of the atomic-sized point defect can be initialised, manipulated and read-out at ambient conditions and coherence lifetimes are comparably long. Diamond magnetometers based on negatively charged NV centres have shown to be very attractive, and the sensitivity goes down to the single-atom level. In order to exploit such a high sensitivity level for sensing prospects, in this thesis, the NV centres are fabricated well confined in a certain distance to the diamond surface, since the detectable field usually decays with the third power of the distance between sensor and target. The surface depicts a fracture of the spin wise protecting diamond lattice and charge fluctuations affect the stability of NV centres, which are overcome by diamond surface termination. In order to improve the sensitivity further, the sensor density, measurement contrast and interaction time are increased. The nitrogen doping technique, which is applied during a plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) diamond growth process is used to fabricate NV centre ensembles aligned along one diamond crystal axis, thereby improving the measurement contrast by a factor up to four. The interaction time limiting spin bath is analysed using the sensor capabilities of the NVs, which leads to enhanced growth strategies and the fabrication of sensitivity optimised NV centre ensembles for magnetometry applications.