The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that traditional statistical problems in credit scoring can be solved efficiently by implementing a quantum-enhanced version of the traditional Support Vector Machines algorithm. Three significant case studies are presented, involving regression, dichotomous and multi-class classification problems in the field of credit risk management. The analysis highlights the promise of the quantum kernel method as a competitive solution especially for multiclass problems with strongly structured features. Quantum-enhanced models tend to outperform classical approaches because they can capture more intricate non-linear relationships between variables, partly due to their ability to leverage entanglement. This advantage is particularly evident in credit risk assessment, where it can improve the credit evaluation process and help reduce credit losses for financial and insurance institutions.
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that traditional statistical problems in credit scoring can be solved efficiently by implementing a quantum-enhanced version of the traditional Support Vector Machines algorithm. Three significant case studies are presented, involving regression, dichotomous and multi-class classification problems in the field of credit risk management. The analysis highlights the promise of the quantum kernel method as a competitive solution especially for multiclass problems with strongly structured features. Quantum-enhanced models tend to outperform classical approaches because they can capture more intricate non-linear relationships between variables, partly due to their ability to leverage entanglement. This advantage is particularly evident in credit risk assessment, where it can improve the credit evaluation process and help reduce credit losses for financial and insurance institutions.
I metodi kernel quantistici sono proposti come alternativa ai classificatori classici in ambito finanziario. Uno studio recente confronta Support Vector Machines e Support Vector Regression classici con le rispettive versioni quantum-enhanced su tre problemi di credit scoring e riporta un vantaggio dei modelli quantistici, soprattutto nella classificazione multiclasse. Questo documento riproduce il confronto su un campione sintetico di 4.000 imprese costruito a partire dagli indici dell'Altman Z-score. Con lo stesso protocollo di validazione e con i quantum kernel calcolati in simulazione esatta dello statevector, i modelli classici eguagliano o superano i modelli quantistici su tutti e tre i problemi. English — Quantum kernel methods have been proposed as an alternative to classical classifiers in finance. A recent study compares classical Support Vector Machines and Support Vector Regression with their quantum-enhanced counterparts on three credit-scoring problems and reports an advantage for the quantum models, especially in multiclass classification. This document reproduces the comparison on a synthetic sample of 4,000 firms built from Altman Z-score indices. With the same validation protocol and with quantum kernels computed via exact statevector simulation, the classical models match or outperform the quantum models on all three problems.
Abstract Non-performing loans present a significant challenge to financial institutions, driven by the complexity of the dataset, default probability, and default correlation(Bellotti et al., 2019). To mitigate this risk, this study investigates the potential of Machine Learning (ML) and Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms for forecasting loan risk. Using a dataset from Kaggle, we conducted a comparative analysis between Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM).Our result using a dataset of 12,368 records and 12 features shows that the QSVM model outperformed SVM, with a higher true positive rate (93.2.%) and true negative rate (87.6%), demonstrating better performance in identifying both default and non-default cases. Additionally, QSVM exhibits a lower false negative rate indicating its superior ability to minimize clients likely to default. The AUC score of 1.0 for the QSVM further demonstrates its exceptional ability in loan prediction. While the dataset used allowed for a solid comparison, QSVM demonstrated its capacity to continue improving with larger datasets, showing its scalability and strong potential application in loan risk forecasting especially with larger datasets.
Recent advancements in smart computing and intelligent decision communication systems have enabled new possibilities for sustainable financial technologies. This chapter introduces a hybrid quantum classical model for credit risk prediction that leverages superposition and entanglement to enhance complex financial data processing. Unlike traditional machine learning models that struggle with class imbalance, nonlinear relationships and high dimensional dependencies, the system combines advanced preprocessing, feature selection and quantum kernel computation within a scalable support vector framework. Trained on 33,000 loan records across 12 borrower attributes, it achieves 94.53% accuracy, outperforming logistic regression, random forests, decision trees and CNNs. By improving decision accuracy and reducing default risk, the approach contributes to economic sustainability and responsible lending. The same quantum communication architecture can extend to healthcare, logistics and cybersecurity, aligning with the wider vision of smart technology for a sustainable future.
Accurate prediction of future loan defaults is a critical capability for financial institutions that provide lines of credit. For institutions that issue and manage extensive loan volumes, even a slight improvement in default prediction precision can significantly enhance financial stability and regulatory adherence, resulting in better customer experience and satisfaction. Datasets associated with credit default prediction often exhibit temporal correlations and high dimensionality. These attributes can lead to accuracy degradation and performance issues when scaling classical predictive algorithms tailored for these datasets. Given these limitations, quantum algorithms, leveraging their innate ability to handle high-dimensionality problems, emerge as a promising new avenue alongside classical approaches. To assess the viability and effectiveness of quantum methodologies, we investigate a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm, utilizing a publicly available "Default Prediction Dataset" released as part of a third-party data science competition. Specifically, we employ hybrid quantum-classical machine learning models based on projected quantum feature maps and their ensemble integration with classical models to examine the problem of credit card default prediction. Our results indicate that the ensemble models based on the projected quantum features were capable of slightly improving the purely classical results expressed via a "Composite Default Risk" (CDR) metric. Furthermore, we discuss the practical applicability of the studied quantum-classical machine learning techniques and address open questions concerning their implementation.
Cross-border financial transactions have significantly increased in volume in recent times, giving rise to numerous complex challenges that result in substantial financial losses amounting to billions of dollars. For detecting frauds in the system, the constraints involved are complexity, various-regulatory environments. There exist some traditional Machine Learning algorithms like SVM (Support Vector Machine), Random Forest, Linear Regression etc. Among all these algorithm’s SVM play an effective role in detecting frauds in financial transactions. Significantly, classical SVM’s face limitations in processing high dimensional financial data and detecting sophisticated fraud patterns across international boundaries. Wide range of analysis will be provided in this research between classical Support Vector Machine and Quantum SVM for cross border fraud detection which includes quantum technology leveraging advantages in cybersecurity, finance and image processing etc. This study enforces both classical and quantum SVM models on a comprehensive dataset of cross border financial transactions, evaluating performance across multiple metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score and false-positive rates. Quantum utilizes various quantum circuits and feature maps designed for financial fraud patterns.
Financial sectors are based on credit risk modeling to make decisions on lending and regulatory compliance. Although classical machine learning has been used to increase predictiveness, such models are faced with mounting limitations as complex and high-dimensional financial data is processed. Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is an aspect of quantum computing that has offered a potential resolution to the issues, integrating quantum computing and machine learning to speed up the calculations and extract more insight into the patterns. QML has theoretical benefits in classifying credit risk via Quantum Support Vector Machines, Quantum Neural Networks, and hybrid quantum-classical models, through superposition and entanglement. Initial applications show good performance in portfolio optimization, default forecasting, and simulation of risks with the existing hardware constraints. QML demonstrates specific potential in the context of using non-traditional data sources and finding hidden correlations that could reflect creditworthiness, which may allow inclusion-based lending practices without sacrificing risk assessment. With the development of quantum hardware, the financial services sector will gradually adopt quantum capabilities via realistic hybrid strategies that eventually revolutionize the way credit risk is assessed in the world markets.