A hundred years ago, Planck and Einstein and others created quantum theories or quantum mechanics while they explained the photoelectric effect. Planck and Einstein empirically obtained a statistical relationship between the energy of light quantum and the frequency of light but have not studied the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, so some photoelectric phenomena are difficult to be explained by existing quantum mechanics currently. In this paper, a dynamical process of orthogonal interaction between a photon and an electron to form a new state of matter in photoelectric effect experiments is studied so finding that the Planck constant is a product value of the mass, length, and velocity of a high-energy particle. The dynamics of the orthogonal collision of matter (particles) can not only give the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, but also have great significance for the further development of quantum mechanics. It can physically explain phenomena such as wave-particle duality and quantum entanglement in the motion of high-energy particles. Its prospects can be widely used in cosmic physics, macro physics, and micro physics.
We prove wave-particle duality is Ziwave – Pre-Ziwave duality. Based on Zulfia Bi-Face Probability Theory (ZBPT) [2] built on Zulfia Decomposition Mapping (ZDM) [1]Z(t) = MZ [I] + ∆(t), the same identity Z(t) sustains two irreversible regimes dividedby certified face ΩC = ∆−1(0):• Pre-Ziwave (particle regime): By [4], on ΩC , ∆ = 0, certified field satisfies [3]C(ω) ∂2MZ∂t2 = c2∇ · (C(ω)∇MZ ) on ΩC , (4)with EΩC < ∞. Massive, localized mode m = MZ [I] observed as particle.• Ziwave (wave reality): By [3], on Ω\ΩC , C = 0, MZ → 0, residual dominates [4]iℏZ CZ (ω) ∂∆(t)∂t = − ℏ2Z2mZ∇ · (CZ (ω)∇∆(t)) + VZ (ω)∆(t) on Ω \ ΩC , (5)with zt ≡ ∆(t)|Ω\ΩC , CZ = 0 on ΩC , CZ = 1 on Ω \ ΩC . Mass-free, strictlyinformational.• Avatar Principle and Avatar Effect: For a century physics sustained dualityby assuming one equation over one domain. We prove domain error: ΩC sustainsonly certified projection m|ΩC = SZ [zt] observed as particle, while reality on Ω\ΩCis Ziwave. Avatar Effect EAvatar = ℏZ ωZ − ΦZ (Eq. 6-7) where Ek = hν − ϕ isspecial case with ϕ ≡ ΦZ = EΩC , leading Photoelectric Effect as a special case.This terminates 100-year paradox: particle is certified projection, reality is Ziwave.
Abstract The terahertz source (THz) is basically the electromagnetic wave radiation source generated by using the energy level transitions and photoelectric quantum effects in special materials such as semiconductors or crystals, also with practical realizations by super‐surface technologies and micro‐structure arrays. Quantization hypothesis and wave particle duality are the two core basic hypotheses in the quantum theory, which have been widely used in sciences and technologies for a century, with basing on Planck's blackbody radiation law and the upgraded photoelectric double slit experiment. For the first time, the ‘quantized wave particle duality equation’ is derived and expressed by a way of physical and mathematical formulas, and accompanied by a full interpretation of the related physical laws. From now on, they are no longer the premise hypothesis of quantum theory, but the inevitable conclusion. Based on this revealed physical mechanism and the model of photoelectric double slit experiment, a new concept of THz and quantum wave generator from the wave particle duality mechanism are proposed and investigated theoretically and experimentally for other possibilities and technical implementation routes of different kinds of terahertz sources.