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Entanglement Swapping for Quantum Information Masking

Zhaoxu Ji, Huanguo Zhang

Published Jul 29, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Entanglement swapping is the cornerstone of quantum networks,while quantum information masking is a method to ensure data privacy. The combination of the two can open new perspectives for ensuring information security in quantum network environments. In this paper, we study entanglement swapping with information masking. We consider the entanglement swapping that combines several quantum information masking methods, including the entanglement swapping of two-particle entangled states and multi-particle ones. Based on our previous work [2025, arXiv, 2009.02555v11], we derive the entanglement swapping formulas. Besides, we put forward some hypotheses about observers, which, although not the main focus of this paper, can inspire people to rethink quantum mechanics phenomena and the relationship between humans and nature.

DOI
10.20944/preprints202607.2155.v1

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Entanglement swapping is the cornerstone of quantum networks,while quantum information masking is a method to ensure data privacy. The combination of the two can open new perspectives for ensuring information security in quantum network environments. In this paper, we study entanglement swapping with information masking. We consider the entanglement swapping that combines several quantum information masking methods, including the entanglement swapping of two-particle entangled states and multi-particle ones. Based on our previous work [2025, arXiv, 2009.02555v11], we derive the entanglement swapping formulas. Besides, we put forward some hypotheses about observers, which, although not the main focus of this paper, can inspire people to rethink quantum mechanics phenomena and the relationship between humans and nature.
Entanglement swapping is one of the most peculiar quantum mechanical phenomena, which is a key technology to realize long-distance quantum communication and build quantum networks, and has extensive and important applications in quantum information processing. In this paper, we combine some principles of classical physics with those of quantum mechanics to propose a new theoretical framework and design a new algorithm for entanglement swapping based on it, the basic idea of which is to construct two entangled states after entanglement swapping from all possible observations. We demonstrate the algorithm by the entanglement swapping between two bipartite entangled states, and derive the results of entanglement swapping between two Bell states, which are consistent with those obtained through algebraic calculations. Our work not only provide new perspectives for exploring quantum mechanical phenomena and the principles behind them, but also can trigger in-depth exploration of the mysteries of nature.
Entanglement swapping is a key technology to realize long-distance quantum communication and build quantum networks, and has extensive and important applications in quantum information processing. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to obtain entanglement swapping results, which is based on the idea of constructing new entangled states after entanglement swapping from all possible observation outcomes. We demonstrate the algorithm by the entanglement swapping between two bipartite entangled states, and derive the results of entanglement swapping between two 2-level Bell states, which are consistent with those obtained through algebraic calculations. Our work can provide new perspectives for thinking about the principles of quantum mechanics and trigger in-depth exploration of quantum mechanics principles and natural mysteries.
Entanglement swapping is not only one of the core resources of quantum information processing, but also the backbone of long-distance quantum communication and quantum networks. Naturally, quantum information processing schemes based on entanglement swapping, such as quantum cryptography protocols and quantum algorithms, are more adaptable to quantum network environments. In this paper, we achieve quantum anonymous computation through entanglement swapping, the basic idea of which comes from our previous work [2019, Quantum Information Processing, 18(6), 168]. We propose two quantum anonymous computation protocols, in which entanglement swapping plays a crucial role in transmitting information and enhancing information security.
Entanglement is one of the most striking features in quantum systems. Today, quantum entanglement plays a vital role in quantum technology, the non-classical correlation of quantum entanglement is an important resource for quantum communication and quantum computing. Entanglement can be divided into two categories: between multi-particle systems and between various degrees of freedom in a single-particle system (intraparticle entangled states). This work first analogized the distinctions and connections between two kinds of entangled states. Then it designed three types of entanglement-swapping methods based on Bell state joint measurement, cross-Kerr medium, and linear optical elements for intraparticle entangled states by analogizing the entanglement swapping between multiple particles. Intraparticle entanglement swapping can be applied in super quantum dense encoding, quantum information transmission, and quantum teleportation. This work is beneficial for promoting the development of quantum information technologies.
Entanglement routing in near-term quantum networks consists of choosing the optimal sequence of short-range entanglements to combine through swapping operations to establish end-to-end entanglement between two distant nodes. Similar to traditional routing technologies, a quantum routing protocol uses network information to choose the best paths to satisfy a set of end-to-end entanglement requests. However, in addition to network state information, a quantum routing protocol must also take into account the requested entanglement fidelity, the probabilistic nature of swapping operations, and the short lifetime of entangled states. In this work, we formulate a practical entanglement routing problem and analyze and categorize the main approaches to address it, drawing comparisons to, and inspiration from, classical network routing strategies where applicable. We classify and discuss the studied quantum routing schemes into reactive, proactive, and hybrid routing.