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Fast Nondestructive Readout for High-Clock-Rate Atom Array Quantum Processor

Chao‐Yang Lu, Zhao-Qiu Zengxu, Chang You, Qingwei Wang, Zifeng Li, Yi Ji, Dong An, Chao Yu, Jiarui Liu, Zi-Mo He, GU Jia-rui, Yuhao Mei, Haowen Cheng, Yu-Chen Zhang, Rui Lin, Zhan Wu, Jun Rui, Jun Zhang, Ming-Cheng Chen, Yu-Hao Deng, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Aug 4, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Neutral-atom arrays have rapidly advanced to support thousands of qubits and execute high-fidelity logical operations. However, these processors remain severely throttled by their slowest fundamental operation: nondestructive qubit measurement, which requires milliseconds and fundamentally limits the system's clock rate. This bottleneck arises from both an inherent photon-budget dilemma--sufficient fluorescence for reliable state discrimination must be collected without excessive heating or loss--and frame-based imaging, which imposes one common exposure and decision latency on intrinsically independent, site-local measurements. Here, we overcome these limitations with a fast, nondestructive readout architecture based on real-time, site-resolved adaptive protection. By integrating continuous photon counting with a dynamic feedforward framework, we decode qubit states with sub-microsecond latency and instantly shield atoms from redundant scattering. Demonstrated in parallel across a 100-qubit reconfigurable atom array, with adaptive protection on a 25-site subarray, this dynamic decision protocol reduces the average probe time to just 15 μs. Model-free benchmarking yields a discrimination infidelity of 4.1×10 -5 and an atom loss of 2.1×10 -4 , simultaneously setting new performance records for atom arrays. Exploiting this capability, we operate repeated quantum circuits at an unprecedented 1.7 kHz clock rate with atoms reused over 120 consecutive rounds—nearly sevenfold higher than the previous record—and enter the sub-millisecond cycle regime for the first time. By removing nondestructive readout as the dominant cycle-time bottleneck, this work unlocks high-clock-rate mid-circuit syndrome extraction, paving the way for high-throughput, fault-tolerant quantum computation.

DOI
10.21203/rs.3.rs-10572399/v1

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•May 11, 2026•0 citations
Abstract Neutral-atom arrays have rapidly advanced to support thousands of qubits and execute high-fidelity logical operations. However, these processors remain severely throttled by their slowest fundamental operation: nondestructive qubit measurement, which requires milliseconds and fundamentally limits the system's clock rate. This bottleneck arises from both an inherent photon-budget dilemma--sufficient fluorescence for reliable state discrimination must be collected without excessive heating or loss--and frame-based imaging, which imposes one common exposure and decision latency on intrinsically independent, site-local measurements. Here, we overcome these limitations with a fast, nondestructive readout architecture based on real-time, site-resolved adaptive protection. By integrating continuous photon counting with a dynamic feedforward framework, we decode qubit states with sub-microsecond latency and instantly shield atoms from redundant scattering. Demonstrated in parallel across a 100-qubit reconfigurable atom array, with adaptive protection on a 25-site subarray, this dynamic decision protocol reduces the average probe time to just 15 μs. Model-free benchmarking yields a discrimination infidelity of 4.1×10 -5 and an atom loss of 2.1×10 -4 , simultaneously setting new performance records for atom arrays. Exploiting this capability, we operate repeated quantum circuits at an unprecedented 1.7 kHz clock rate with atoms reused over 120 consecutive rounds—nearly sevenfold higher than the previous record—and enter the sub-millisecond cycle regime for the first time. By removing nondestructive readout as the dominant cycle-time bottleneck, this work unlocks high-clock-rate mid-circuit syndrome extraction, paving the way for high-throughput, fault-tolerant quantum computation.
Neutral-atom arrays have rapidly advanced to support thousands of qubits and execute high-fidelity logical operations. However, these processors remain severely throttled by their slowest fundamental operation: nondestructive qubit measurement, which requires milliseconds and fundamentally limits the system's clock rate. This bottleneck arises from both an inherent photon-budget dilemma---sufficient fluorescence for reliable state discrimination must be collected without excessive heating or loss---and frame-based imaging, which imposes one common exposure and decision latency on intrinsically independent, site-local measurements. Here, we overcome these limitations with a fast, nondestructive readout architecture based on real-time, site-resolved adaptive protection. By integrating continuous photon counting with a dynamic feedforward framework, we decode qubit states with sub-microsecond latency and instantly shield atoms from redundant scattering. Demonstrated in parallel across a 100-qubit reconfigurable atom array, with adaptive protection on a 25-site subarray, this dynamic decision protocol reduces the average probe time to just 15 μs15\ μ\text{s}15 μs. Model-free benchmarking yields a discrimination infidelity of 4.1×10−54.1 \times 10^{-5}4.1×10−5 and an atom loss of 2.1×10−42.1 \times 10^{-4}2.1×10−4, simultaneously setting new performance records for atom arrays. Exploiting this capability, we operate repeated quantum circuits at an unprecedented 1.7 kHz clock rate with atoms reused over 120 consecutive rounds---nearly sevenfold higher than the previous record---and enter the sub-millisecond cycle regime for the first time. By removing nondestructive readout as the dominant cycle-time bottleneck, this work unlocks high-clock-rate mid-circuit syndrome extraction, paving the way for high-throughput, fault-tolerant quantum computation.
Measuring part of a quantum system in the midst of its evolution and acting on the result in real time is essential for numerous quantum information protocols. Neutral-atom arrays are a leading platform for quantum information processing, but their mid-circuit measurement-and-feedforward cycle times have remained slow, typically exceeding 1 ms. Here we demonstrate fast mid-circuit measurement and real-time feedforward in an array of atomic qubits coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. Local light shifts tune individual data qubits out of resonance with the cavity, shielding their coherence, while a near-resonant probe drives a selected qubit whose emission is collected with Purcell enhancement. Mid-circuit measurements of four qubits with sub percent infidelity reduce the coherence of a fifth unmeasured data qubit by less than 2%. We implement real-time feedforward to correct measurement-induced phase shifts and to realize an adaptive circuit for optimal quantum state discrimination and conditional state preparation. Our approach reduces the measurement-and-feedforward cycle time to below 100 μμμs and establishes optical cavities as a route to fast control of neutral-atom quantum systems.
Quantum state readout with minimal resources is crucial for scalable quantum information processing. As a leading platform, neutral atom arrays rely on atomic fluorescence imaging for qubit readout, requiring short exposure, low photon count schemes to mitigate heating and atom loss while enabling mid-circuit feedback. However, a fundamental challenge arises in the single-photon regime where severe overlap in state distributions causes conventional threshold discrimination to fail. Here, we report an AI-accelerated Bayesian inference method for fluorescence readout in neutral atom arrays. Our approach leverages Bayesian inference to achieve reliable state detection at the single-photon level under short exposure. Specifically, we introduce a weakly anchored Bayesian scheme that requires calibration of only one state, addressing asymmetric calibration challenges common across quantum platforms. Furthermore, acceleration is achieved via a permutation-invariant neural network, which yields a 100-fold speedup by compressing iterative inference into a single forward pass. The approach achieves relative readout fidelity above 99% and 98% for histogram overlaps of 61% and 72%, respectively, enabling reliable extraction of Rabi oscillations and Ramsey interference results unattainable with conventional threshold based methods. This framework supports scalable, real-time readout of large atom arrays and paves the way toward AI-enhanced quantum technology in computation and sensing.
The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computation hinges on the ability to execute deep quantum circuits while maintaining gate fidelities consistently above error-correction thresholds. Although neutral-atom arrays have recently demonstrated high-fidelity two-qubit gates and early-stage logical quantum processors, sustaining such high performance across deep, repetitive circuits remains a formidable challenge due to cumulative motional heating and atom loss. Here we demonstrate a sustainable neutral-atom framework that overcomes these limitations by integrating a suite of hardware-efficient mid-circuit operations. We report a two-qubit controlled logic gate with a raw fidelity of 99.60(1)%, which is further increased to a fidelity of 99.81(1)% via non-destructive erasure detection. Crucially, by implementing in-circuit Raman sideband cooling and qubit re-initialization, we demonstrate that gate fidelities can be maintained at the ~99.8% level across multiple operational rounds without observable degradation. By actively managing the internal and motional entropy of the system mid-stream, our in-situ refreshable architecture provides a critical pathway for executing the repeated syndrome-extraction cycles required for large-scale, continuous quantum error correction.
Neutral-atom arrays are a leading qubit technology for large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). A dominant error source on this platform is qubit loss, which accrues with every operation and movement. The presence of loss undermines the promises of existing architectural work. Standard error correction targets stochastic Pauli errors and cannot correct loss, so most FTQC performance analyses are not directly compatible with it. Moreover, compilation and routing decisions, which strongly affect overall loss, are typically optimized against Pauli-error cost models and often remain loss-agnostic, potentially increasing exposure to the loss channel. In this work, we comprehensively model the effect of qubit loss on neutral-atom FTQC and develop a loss-tolerant transversal-gate architecture. We treat loss not as a predetermined error parameter but as a dynamic budget spent across a whole program, allowing us to control it by co-designing layout, compilation, and decoding. We target a physical implementation with no separate storage and entangling zones, eliminating the repeated SLM-AOD handoffs and long-distance shuttling that dominate loss in other layouts. We develop compiler optimizations that maximize gate parallelism while respecting the RF tone budget and AOD bandwidth constraints. Our work couples these with a loss-aware, delayed-erasure decoder and an end-to-end loss-aware magic state cultivation protocol. Overall, we improve accumulated loss per syndrome-extraction round by up to 2.15X against a zoned baseline and reduce logical error rates by over two orders of magnitude versus current architectures. Our framework also informs concrete device targets such as continuous reloading rates, AOD counts, and shuttling trajectory choices. We expect these insights to matter for system architects as neutral-atom hardware scales.
Abstract The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computation hinges on the ability to execute deep quantum circuits while maintaining gate fidelities consistently above error-correction thresholds. Although neutral-atom arrays have recently demonstrated high-fidelity two-qubit gates and early-stage logical quantum processors, sustaining such high performance across deep, repetitive circuits remains a formidable challenge due to cumulative motional heating and atom loss. Here we demonstrate a sustainable neutral-atom framework that overcomes these limitations by integrating a suite of hardware-efficient mid-circuit operations. We report a two-qubit controlled logic gate with a raw fidelity of 99.60(1)%, which is further increased to a fidelity of 99.81(1)% via non-destructive erasure detection. Crucially, by implementing in-circuit Raman sideband cooling and qubit re-initialization, we demonstrate that gate fidelities can be maintained at the ~99.8% level across multiple operational rounds without observable degradation. By actively managing the internal and motional entropy of the system mid-stream, our in-situ refreshable architecture provides a critical pathway for executing the repeated syndrome-extraction cycles required for large-scale, continuous quantum error correction.