Abstract We investigate how quantum coherence scales and is redistributed in quantum communication protocols, us-ing superdense coding and quantum teleportation as paradigmatic case studies. Employing the relative entropyof coherence as a circuit-level resource measure, we show that multipartite resource states relevant to general-ized superdense coding can enable scalable communication while exhibiting only logarithmic or even constantcoherence growth, depending on their entanglement structure. In sharp contrast, quantum teleportation displaysan unavoidable, protocol-induced coherence cost that grows linearly with the number of teleported qubits andis independent of the input state. Through a stage-resolved analysis of the teleportation circuit, we separateprotocol-generated coherence from message-dependent contributions and identify a universal two-bit coherenceoffset per teleported qubit at the maximal-coherence stage. We further demonstrate explicitly that this extensiveintermediate coherence generation is fully consistent with information-theoretic bounds, including the Holevolimit, and does not correspond to an increase in accessible classical information.
Abstract We investigate how quantum coherence scales and is redistributed in quantum communication protocols, us-ing superdense coding and quantum teleportation as paradigmatic case studies. Employing the relative entropyof coherence as a circuit-level resource measure, we show that multipartite resource states relevant to general-ized superdense coding can enable scalable communication while exhibiting only logarithmic or even constantcoherence growth, depending on their entanglement structure. In sharp contrast, quantum teleportation displaysan unavoidable, protocol-induced coherence cost that grows linearly with the number of teleported qubits andis independent of the input state. Through a stage-resolved analysis of the teleportation circuit, we separateprotocol-generated coherence from message-dependent contributions and identify a universal two-bit coherenceoffset per teleported qubit at the maximal-coherence stage. We further demonstrate explicitly that this extensiveintermediate coherence generation is fully consistent with information-theoretic bounds, including the Holevolimit, and does not correspond to an increase in accessible classical information.
We investigate how quantum coherence scales and is redistributed in quantum communication protocols, using superdense coding and quantum teleportation as paradigmatic case studies. Employing the relative entropy of coherence as a circuit-level resource measure, we show that multipartite resource states relevant to generalized superdense coding can enable scalable communication while exhibiting only logarithmic or even constant coherence growth, depending on their entanglement structure. In sharp contrast, quantum teleportation displays an unavoidable, protocol-induced coherence cost that grows linearly with the number of teleported qubits and is independent of the input state. Through a stage-resolved analysis of the teleportation circuit, we separate protocol-generated coherence from message-dependent contributions and identify a universal two-bit coherence offset per teleported qubit at the maximal-coherence stage. We further demonstrate explicitly that this extensive intermediate coherence generation is fully consistent with information-theoretic bounds, including the Holevo limit, and does not correspond to an increase in accessible classical information.
We investigate whether it is possible to teleport the coherence of an unknown quantum state from Alice to Bob by communicating a smaller number of classical bits in comparison to what is required for teleporting an unknown quantum state. We find that we cannot achieve perfect teleportation of coherence with one bit of classical communication for an arbitrary qubit. However, we find that if the qubit is partially known, i.e., chosen from the equatorial and polar circles of the Bloch sphere, then teleportation of coherence is possible with the transfer of one cbit of information when we have maximally entangled states as a shared resource. In the case of the resource being a nonmaximally entangled state, we can teleport the coherence with a certain probability of success. In a general teleportation protocol for coherence, we derive a compact formula for the final state at Bob's laboratory in terms of the composition of the completely positive maps corresponding to the shared resource state and a joint positive operator-valued measure (POVM) performed by Alice on her qubit and the unknown state. Using this formula, we show that teleportation of the coherence of a partially known state with real matrix elements is perfectly possible with the help of a maximally entangled state as a resource. Furthermore, we explore the teleportation of coherence with Werner states and show that even when Werner states become separable, the amount of teleported coherence is nonzero, implying the possibility of teleportation of coherence without entanglement.
We investigate whether it is possible to teleport the coherence of an unknown quantum state from Alice to Bob by communicating a lesser number of classical bits in comparison to what is required for teleporting an unknown quantum state. We find that we cannot achieve perfect teleportation of coherence with one bit of classical communication for an arbitrary qubit. However, we find that if the qubit is partially known, i.e., chosen from the equatorial and polar circles of the Bloch sphere, then teleportation of coherence is possible with the transfer of one cbit of information when we have maximally entangled states as a shared resource. In the case of the resource being a non-maximally entangled state, we can teleport the coherence with a certain probability of success. In a general teleportation protocol for coherence, we derive a compact formula for the final state at Bob's lab in terms of the composition of the completely positive maps corresponding to the shared resource state and joint POVM performed by Alice on her qubit and the unknown state. Using this formula, we show that teleportation of the coherence of a partially known state with real matrix elements is possible perfectly with the help of a maximally entangled state as a resource. Furthermore, we explore the teleportation of coherence with the Werner states and show that even when the Werner states become separable, the amount of teleported coherence is non-zero, implying the possibility of teleportation of coherence without entanglement.
This study presents a generalized n--bit superdense coding protocol that enables the transmission of n classical bits of information using an entangled n--qubit quantum system and the transmission of n−1 qubits. The protocol involves creating a maximally entangled n--qubit GHZ state, encoding the classical message with Pauli--Z and Pauli--X gates, and then transmitting and decoding the message via quantum communication, quantum operations, and measurements. The key novelty of this work is an explicit, scalable n--bit encoding routine, realized on the GHZ channel with a low--depth encoding layer using only single--qubit Pauli--X and Pauli--Z operations.
The protocol was tested on real quantum hardware using Qiskit 2.0 and the IBM--Fez quantum computer for message lengths of 4, 6, 8, and 10 bits, as a circuit--level proof of concept on a single processor; the physical transmission of qubits between the parties was not implemented. Results show that success rates decrease as message length, transpiled circuit depth and gate count increase; the latter two are set mainly by transpilation rather than by the encoding itself. A mutual information analysis shows that the transmitted information exceeds the classical bound of n−1 bits only for short messages. Strategies to improve performance include sending messages in shorter segments and advances in qubit coherence and gate fidelity. This work offers a practical and easily scalable quantum communication protocol with potential applications in quantum networks and communication systems.
Superdense coding is a quantum communication protocol that enables the transmission of more than one classical bit of information per qubit, using entangled states. While superdense coding with 2-qubits is well understood and directly maps to the Bell states, the same cannot be said for higher numbers of qubits. This project aims to develop an algorithm for superdense coding using a larger number of qubits, while analyzing how the capacity for information transmission scales with qubit count. Additionally, we will determine the error thresholds for accurately reconstructing the encoded information and investigate how error scales as the number of qubits increases. Gaining a deeper understanding of superdense coding has significant applications in quantum cryptography, as superdense coding schemes can be used to set up quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols.
Quantum teleportation and superdense coding are two different protocols that were developed to transmit a limited number of qubits and two classical bits, respectively. Therefore, they are inefficient for transmitting messages containing a massive number of individual qubits or classical bits. Thus, it is necessary to scale up these two protocols in larger systems to enable them to transmit massive messages. To achieve this goal, it is essential to integrate each of these two protocols within architectures that contain a quantum main memory that functions as a buffer capable of storing both quantum and classical data and managing a massive amount of data efficiently during transmission operations. Q1RAM is a cutting-edge quantum main memory and the fastest quantum main memory available, as it has a time complexity of O(1) for accessing memory locations. In this paper, two architectural schematics are proposed based on integrating Q1RAM as a core component with the quantum teleportation and superdense coding protocols. The first architectural scheme is developed to scale up the quantum teleportation protocol, making it efficient for transmitting massive messages of separable individual qubits. The second architectural schema is proposed, consisting of two Q1RAM chips, two quantum processing units, two of the classical RAMs, and a quantum gateway. This proposed schema is developed to scale up the superdense coding protocol so that it can transmit massive classical messages containing large amounts of data. The experimental simulation results validate the architectural schematics for scaling up the quantum teleportation and the superdense coding protocols for large-scale quantum communications.