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Simulation Framework for Modelling Collective Emission in Ensembles of Quantum Emitters

Qingyi Zhou, Wenxin Wu, Maryam Zahedian, Zongfu Yu, Jennifer T. Choy

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a simulation framework for collective emission in disordered solid-state emitter ensembles. Applied to SiV − , it predicts suppressed superradiance and interaction-induced PLE spectrum broadening, providing experimentally accessible signatures of dipole-dipole interaction.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_fs.2026.fm1d.8

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An efficient simulation framework is proposed to model collective emission in disordered ensembles of quantum emitters. Using a cumulant expansion approach, the computational complexity scales polynomially as opposed to exponentially with the number of emitters, enabling Monte Carlo sampling over a large number of realizations. The framework is applied to model negatively charged silicon-vacancy (SiV−^{-}−) centers inside diamond. Incorporating spatial disorder and inhomogeneous broadening, we obtain statistically averaged responses over hundreds of SiV−^{-}− clusters. These simulations reveal two signatures of collective behavior. First, dynamics of fully inverted clusters show that superradiant emission occurs only with sufficiently large emitter number and high quantum efficiency. Unlike ideal Dicke superradiance, the burst is substantially suppressed by strong near-field dipole-dipole interaction, consistent with existing theoretical predictions. Second, under continuous-wave excitation we compute photoluminescence-excitation spectra, which exhibit interaction-induced broadening in the distribution of resonance peaks. The corresponding density of states also displays a non-zero skewness. Overall, by incorporating realistic inhomogeneities in emitter clusters, our framework is able to predict statistics for disordered ensembles that can be compared to experiments directly. Our approach generalizes to other types of emitters, including atoms, molecules, and quantum dots, thus providing a practical tool for analyzing collective behavior in realistic quantum systems.
ABSTRACT An efficient simulation framework is proposed to model collective emission in disordered ensembles of color centers. Using a cumulant expansion approach, the computational complexity scales polynomially as opposed to exponentially with the number of emitters, enabling Monte Carlo sampling over a large number of realizations. The framework is applied to model negatively charged silicon‐vacancy () centers inside diamond. Incorporating spatial disorder and inhomogeneous broadening, we obtain statistically averaged responses over hundreds of clusters. These simulations reveal two signatures of collective behavior. First, the dynamics of fully inverted clusters show that superradiant emission occurs only with sufficiently large emitter numbers and high quantum efficiency. Unlike ideal Dicke superradiance, the burst is substantially suppressed by strong near‐field dipole–dipole interaction, consistent with existing theoretical predictions. Second, under continuous‐wave excitation, we compute photoluminescence‐excitation spectra, which exhibit interaction‐induced broadening in the distribution of resonance peaks. The corresponding density of states also displays a non‐zero skewness. Overall, by incorporating realistic inhomogeneities in emitter clusters, our framework is able to predict statistics for disordered ensembles that can be compared to experiments directly. Our approach generalizes to other types of emitters, including atoms and quantum dots, thus providing a practical tool for analyzing collective behavior in realistic quantum systems.
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We study the collective emission of a few emitters (up to three) in a cavity. In addition to the radiation coupling responsible for sub- and superradiance, we investigate emitters additionally coupled through a joint carrier reservoir. For such emitters, typically embedded in a solid state environment, the carrier reservoir provides a continuous pumping mechanism for the steady state emission. We show that the statistical properties of the emitted light depend strongly on the interaction between the emitters and the reservoir. Unexpectedly, the presence of the reservoir enhances the coherence of the emitted light already for a few emitters. This results from the fact that the carrier reservoir introduces new many-body correlations to the electronic transition and in this way suppresses multiphoton processes.
Quantum metasurfaces comprised of subwavelength atomic arrays emerged as a promising platform for enhanced atom-photon interaction. However, realizing such a system with solid-state emitters has been considered impractical due to strong inhomogeneous broadening, which was expected to suppress the photon-mediated interactions that underpin collective emission. Here we report the observation of collective emission from subwavelength arrays of silicon-vacancy centres in diamond -- solid-state emitters whose inhomogeneous broadening exceeds the natural linewidth by two orders of magnitude -- demonstrating that collective effects such as resonance shifts, modified decay rates and directional coherent emission survive this disorder. A crucial enabling element is the implantation of a high density of silicon ions at each array site. This creates so-called superatoms, local ensembles that probabilistically achieve frequency matching across the array and enhance the collective response. We support our observations with a theoretical analysis explaining the mechanisms that preserve the collective effects even in the presence of inhomogeneity. These observations have direct implications for the realization of subwavelength arrays in any solid-state system, paving the way for quantum-emitter metasurfaces that are naturally integrated into nanophotonic environments.