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International Conference on Communications

Robust Beamforming for Near-Field Physical Layer Security under Location Uncertainty

Chao Zhou, Changsheng You, Cong Zhou, Chengwen Xing, Jianhua Zhang

Published May 24, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/icc59461.2026.11587128

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In this paper, we studyrobustbeamforming design fornear-fieldphysical-layer-security (PLS) systems, where a base station (BS) equipped with an extremely large-scale array (XL-array) serves multiple near-field legitimate users (Bobs) in the presence of multiple near-field eavesdroppers (Eves). Unlike existing works that mostly assume perfect channel state information (CSI) or location information of Eves, we consider a more practical and challenging scenario in this paper, where the locations of Bobs are perfectly known, while onlyimperfect location informationof Eves is available at the BS. We first formulate a robust optimization problem to maximize the sum-rate of Bobs while guaranteeing a worst-case limit on the eavesdropping rate under location uncertainty. By transforming Cartesian position errors into the polar domain, we reveal an important near-fieldangular-error amplification effect, i.e., under the same location error, the closer the Eve, the larger the angle error, which severely degrades the performance of conventional robust beamforming methods based on imperfect channel state information. To address this issue, we first establish the conditions for which the first-order Taylor approximation of the near-field channel steering vector under location uncertainty is largely accurate. Then, we propose atwo-stagerobust beamforming method, which first partitions the uncertainty region into multiple fan-shaped sub-regions, followed by the second stage to formulate and solve a refined linear-matrix-inequality (LMI)-based robust beamforming optimization problem. In addition, the proposed method is further extended to scenarios with multiple Bobs and multiple Eves. Finally, numerical results validate that the proposed method achieves a superior trade-off between rate performance and secrecy robustness, hence significantly outperforming existing benchmarks under Eve location uncertainty.
Physical layer security can supplement upper-layer cryptographic algorithms and provide additional protection of the confidential information. The secrecy capacity of physical layer security can be further improved in massive MIMO systems through high-gain beamforming. However, previous research is mainly based on the plane-wave assumption. In massive MIMO systems with physically large arrays, it is possible that legitimate users are located in the Fresnel zone of the radiation field, which leads to spherical wavefronts. In this paper, we investigate physical layer security in the spherical-wave channel. A novel secure transmission scheme that is robust against cooperative eavesdropping is proposed. As shown by simulation results, the proposed scheme, which can be applied in the conventional plane-wave channel as well, can achieve distance-domain security in the spherical-wave channel, and thus is a potential candidate for location-based secure communications in the near future.