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IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)

Physical Layer Security in Spherical-Wave Channel Using Massive MIMO

Daizhong Yu, Lin Feng Yang, Xiang Gao, Yi Wu, Guangrong Yue

Published Sep 12, 2022• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Physical layer security can supplement upper-layer cryptographic algorithms and provide additional protection of the confidential information. The secrecy capacity of physical layer security can be further improved in massive MIMO systems through high-gain beamforming. However, previous research is mainly based on the plane-wave assumption. In massive MIMO systems with physically large arrays, it is possible that legitimate users are located in the Fresnel zone of the radiation field, which leads to spherical wavefronts. In this paper, we investigate physical layer security in the spherical-wave channel. A novel secure transmission scheme that is robust against cooperative eavesdropping is proposed. As shown by simulation results, the proposed scheme, which can be applied in the conventional plane-wave channel as well, can achieve distance-domain security in the spherical-wave channel, and thus is a potential candidate for location-based secure communications in the near future.

DOI
10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9978125

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Physical layer security can supplement upper-layer cryptographic algorithms and provide additional protection of the confidential information. The secrecy capacity of physical layer security can be further improved in massive MIMO systems through high-gain beamforming. However, previous research is mainly based on the plane-wave assumption. In massive MIMO systems with physically large arrays, it is possible that legitimate users are located in the Fresnel zone of the radiation field, which leads to spherical wavefronts. In this paper, we investigate physical layer security in the spherical-wave channel. A novel secure transmission scheme that is robust against cooperative eavesdropping is proposed. As shown by simulation results, the proposed scheme, which can be applied in the conventional plane-wave channel as well, can achieve distance-domain security in the spherical-wave channel, and thus is a potential candidate for location-based secure communications in the near future.
An overview over secure communication in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is presented. A massive MIMO base-station serves multiple user nodes by provisioning physical layer security techniques to secure the confidential transmissions against an eavesdropper. The eavesdropper can either be passively eavesdropping upon the communication or can actively contaminate the channel estimates. The achievable secrecy rates for these settings are reviewed, and their asymptotic behavior is discussed. Finally, a detection scheme for active pilot contamination attacks is discussed.
Physical layer security (PLS) has grown in popularity as it guarantees secure and reliable communication between wireless devices without restricting the ability of data analysts to eavesdrop. PLS benefits from the randomization property of the wireless channel, which improves immunity and protects against many dangers of information breaches from eavesdroppers. MIMO and Massive MIMO, which use numerous antennas at the transmitter and receiver ends, are fundamental technologies for improving efficiency in 5G and future network systems. The PLS still requires a significant amount of work before it can be employed in practical systems. The interception of eavesdroppers can be made difficult by adding artificial noise. This paper focuses on the physical layer security considering maximal ratio combining, and artificial noise with beamforming techniques to further enhance the secrecy rate. The proposed work demonstrates that the use of transmitter beamforming with artificial noise can significantly improve the degree of confidentiality of information being transmitted between a transmitter and an intended receiver while making it more difficult for eavesdroppers to intercept. The simulation results in terms of bit error rate show that the proposed method has a significant impact on the error rate performance of the eavesdropper.
The need for physical layer security techniques is increasing rapidly with the significant rise in the number of devices connected to the internet. In this paper, physical layer security using massive planar antenna arrays is investigated to secure the communication between two parties in the presence of an eavesdropper. Different scenarios are studied assuming the presence of a passive eavesdropper at a known location. Some of the subarrays of the massive planar antenna arrays at both the transmitter and receiver are used to send jamming signals towards the eavesdropper to improve security. To measure the system secrecy, the secrecy capacity between the transmitter and receiver is derived and different schemes are studied considering their effect on the secrecy capacity. The simulation results show that when jamming signals are sent to the eavesdropper, the secrecy capacity improves significantly, and the eavesdropper is unable to obtain considerable useful information. Therefore, the use of massive MIMO for joint transmission and jamming is an important physical layer security technique to combat a passive eavesdropper.
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) has become a crucial enabling technology for 5G and beyond, providing previously unheard-of increases in energy and spectrum efficiency. It is still difficult to guarantee secure communication in these systems, particularly when it comes to passive eavesdroppers whose base station is unaware of their channel state information. By taking advantage of the inherent randomness of wireless channels, Physical Layer Security (PLS) offers a promising paradigm; however, its efficacy in massive MIMO is heavily reliant on resource allocation and transmission strategies. In this work, the performance of secure transmission schemes, such as Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT), Zero-Forcing (ZF), and Artificial Noise (AN)-aided beamforming, is examined when passive eavesdroppers are present. This work will use extensive Monte Carlo simulations to assess important performance metrics such as energy efficiency, secrecy outage probability, and secrecy sum rate under different system parameters (e.g., number of antennas, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), power allocation). The results aim to provide comparative insight into the strengths and limitations of different PLS strategies and to highlight open research directions to design scalable, energy-efficient, and robust secure transmission techniques in future 6G networks.
Due to the broadcast nature of radio propagation, wireless transmission can be readily overheard by unauthorized users for interception purposes and is thus highly vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks. To this end, physical-layer security is emerging as a promising paradigm to protect the wireless communications against eavesdropping attacks by exploiting the physical characteristics of wireless channels. This article is focused on the investigation of diversity techniques to improve physical-layer security differently from the conventional artificial noise generation and beamforming techniques, which typically consume additional power for generating artificial noise and exhibit high implementation complexity for beamformer design. We present several diversity approaches to improve wireless physical-layer security, including multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), multiuser diversity, and cooperative diversity. To illustrate the security improvement through diversity, we propose a case study of exploiting cooperative relays to assist the signal transmission from source to destination while defending against eavesdropping attacks. We evaluate the security performance of cooperative relay transmission in Rayleigh fading environments in terms of secrecy capacity and intercept probability. It is shown that as the number of relays increases, both the secrecy capacity and intercept probability of cooperative relay transmission improve significantly, implying there is an advantage in exploiting cooperative diversity to improve physical-layer security against eavesdropping attacks.
Physical layer security allows secure communications between a source and destination without the need to resort to key-based encryption techniques. Its increasing importance stems from the difficulty of implementing advanced encryption techniques in certain networks, such as the internet of things (IoT). In this paper, physical layer security is implemented by using massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques. Specifically, beamforming with large cylindrical antenna arrays is investigated. These arrays allow the transmission of both the useful signal to the destination and the jamming signal to the eavesdropper without resorting to the help of other nodes for relaying the signal and/or jamming the eavesdropper. Simulation results show that high levels of secrecy capacity can be achieved with the proposed approach.