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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Spectral transitions in some Rabi models

Grzegorz Świderski, Lech Zieliński

Published Jul 14, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We consider the transition from discrete to continuous spectrum which occurs in some quantum Rabi models. We present recent developments of the subordinacy theory and their applications to study the spectral properties of the intensity-dependent Rabi model, the anisotropic two-photon Rabi model, and the two-photon Rabi–Stark model for the whole range of parameters. Our analysis allows us to detect and locate the continuous spectrum. Moreover, we prove the absence of eigenvalues in the interior of the continuous spectrum and the absence of a singular spectrum for all models considered.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8121/ae8a01

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Abstract We consider the transition from discrete to continuous spectrum which occurs in some quantum Rabi models. We present recent developments of the subordinacy theory and their applications to study the spectral properties of the intensity-dependent Rabi model, the anisotropic two-photon Rabi model, and the two-photon Rabi–Stark model for the whole range of parameters. Our analysis allows us to detect and locate the continuous spectrum. Moreover, we prove the absence of eigenvalues in the interior of the continuous spectrum and the absence of a singular spectrum for all models considered.
We consider the transition from discrete to continuous spectrum which occurs in some quantum Rabi models. We present recent developments of the subordinacy theory and their applications to study the spectral properties of the intensity-dependent Rabi model, the anisotropic two-photon Rabi model, and the two-photon Rabi-Stark model for the whole range of parameters. Our analysis allows us to detect and locate the continuous spectrum. Moreover, we prove the absence of eigenvalues in the interior of the continuous spectrum and the absence of a singular spectrum for all models considered.
The anisotropic two-photon quantum Rabi model is studied using the Bogoliubov operator approach. Doubly degenerate exceptional states are identified using analytical methods. By adjusting the position of the last exceptional point belonging to two adjacent energy levels, we derive a condition for the absence of the discrete spectrum at the critical coupling where ``spectral collapse'' occurs. In this special case, the spectrum becomes fully continuous above a threshold energy, with no bound states existing, whereas the ground state remains gapped in the general case. More interestingly, we rigorously find that a finite number of bound states exist between two anisotropy-dependent critical atomic frequencies, with infinitely many bound states beyond this frequency regime. In this manner, all issues in the two-photon quantum Rabi model are resolved.
ABSTRACT We investigate the spectral properties and quantum criticality of the two‐photon Rabi–Stark model. Using the exact solution of this model, we rigorously derive a condition for complete spectral collapse, where all bound states vanish. In this case, the energy gap closes at a critical coupling, signaling a continuous quantum phase transition. The corresponding gap exponent differs from those in both the one‐photon Rabi–Stark model and the quantum Rabi model, suggesting a distinct universality class. While in the general case, an infinite number of discrete bound states exist when spectral collapse occurs and the energy gap remains open. By mapping to an inverse square potential well, these bound levels approach the threshold energy exponentially. Our results offer new insights into novel spectral phenomena in nonlinear quantum Rabi models, with potential implications for experimental realizations in circuit quantum electrodynamics and trapped ion systems.
Abstract The two-photon quantum Rabi model is analyzed using the Z 4 -symmetry and su ( 1 , 1 ) -algebra. We derive the G -function whose zeros give the exact eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian. The singularity structure of the G -function allows to draw conclusions about the distribution of these eigenvalues along the real axis and we derive the spectral collapse phenomenon at critical coupling g c , found numerically before. The spectrum at g c consists of a discrete and a continuous part: the ground state is always separated from the continuum by a finite excitation gap, ruling out a quantum phase transition in the usual sense. For large qubit splitting, also other low lying states split off from the continuum. However, perturbation theory predicts the vanishing of the gap to all orders, demonstrating its non-perturbative nature. We corroborate this result with a variational calculation for the ground state.
Spectral collapse, the transition from a discrete to a continuous spectrum, is a characteristic in quantum Rabi models. We explore this phenomenon in the two-photon quantum Rabi model using optical phase space, and we find that, in the so-called degenerate qubit regime, the collapse is similar to the transition from a harmonic to an inverted oscillator with the free-particle potential as a critical transition point. In the degenerate qubit regime, we construct Dirac-normalizable eigenfunctions with well-defined parity for the model. In the general model, we use parity to diagonalize the system in the qubit basis and numerically find that the qubit frequency does not change the critical point where spectral collapse occurs. We numerically confirm the existence of an exceptional state at the critical coupling, and we argue its analytic provenance from both a Born-Oppenheimer and a variational approximation.
Abstract We introduce the anisotropic two-photon Rabi model in which the rotating and counter rotating terms enters the Hamiltonian with two different coupling constants. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are studied with exact means. We employ a variation of the Braak method based on Bogolubov rotation of the underlying su (1, 1) Lie algebra. Accordingly, the spectrum is provided by the analytical properties of a suitable meromorphic function. Our formalism applies to the two-modes Rabi model as well, sharing the same algebraic structure of the two-photon model. Through the analysis of the spectrum, we discover that the model displays close analogies to many-body systems undergoing quantum phase transitions.