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Optics Express

Quantum illumination using polarization-path entangled single photons for low reflectivity object detection in a noisy background: comment

Artur Czerwiński, Jakub J. Borkowski

Published Jul 2, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1364/oe.565670

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The paper [Opt. Express32, 40150 (2024)10.1364/OE.531674] investigates quantum illumination using polarization-entangled photon pairs for object detection in noisy environments. In this comment, we identify errors in the mathematical model for photon loss, particularly in the treatment of quantum entanglement under lossy channels. We show that the claimed robustness of polarization entanglement to photon loss contradicts established principles in quantum information theory, rendering the conclusions on detecting low-reflectivity objects unsupported.

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Entangled light sources for illuminating objects offer advantages over conventional illumination methods by enhancing the detection sensitivity of reflecting objects. The core of the quantum advantage lies in effectively exploiting quantum correlations to isolate noise and detect objects with low reflectivity. This work experimentally demonstrates the benefits of using polarization-entangled photon pairs for quantum illumination and shows that the quantum correlation measure, using CHSH value and normalized CHSH value, is robust against losses, noise, and depolarization. We report the detection of objects with reflectivity (η) as low as 0.05 and an object submerged in noise with a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.003 using quantum correlation and residual quantum correlation measures, surpassing previous results. Additionally, we demonstrate that the normalized CHSH value aids in estimating the reflectivity of the detected object. Furthermore, we analyze the robustness of the correlation measure under photon attenuation in atmospheric conditions to show the practical feasibility of real-time applications.

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Stimulated emission of polarization-entangled photons

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arXiv:quant-ph/0110048•Nature•Aug 1, 2001•231 citations
Detecting object with low reflectivity embedded within a noisy background is a challenging task. Quantum correlations between pairs of quantum states of light, though are highly sensitive to background noise and losses, offer advantages over traditional illumination methods. Instead of using correlated photon pairs which are sensitive, we experimentally demonstrate the advantage of using heralded single-photons entangled in polarization and path degree of freedom for quantum illumination. In the study, the object of different reflectivity is placed along the path of the signal in a variable thermal background before taking the joint measurements and calculating the quantum correlations. We show the significant advantage of using non-interferometric measurements along the multiple paths for single photon to isolate the signal from the background noise and outperform in detecting and ranging the low reflectivity objects even when the signal-to-noise ratio is as low as 0.03. Decrease in visibility of polarization along the signal path also results in similar observations. This will have direct relevance to the development of single-photon based quantum LiDAR and quantum imaging.
The paper [Opt. Express32, 40150 (2024)10.1364/OE.531674] investigates quantum illumination using polarization-entangled photon pairs for object detection in noisy environments. In this comment, we identify errors in the mathematical model for photon loss, particularly in the treatment of quantum entanglement under lossy channels. We show that the claimed robustness of polarization entanglement to photon loss contradicts established principles in quantum information theory, rendering the conclusions on detecting low-reflectivity objects unsupported.
Entangled light sources for illuminating objects offer advantages over conventional illumination methods by enhancing the detection sensitivity of reflecting objects. The core of the quantum advantage lies in effectively exploiting quantum correlations to isolate noise and detect objects with low reflectivity. This work experimentally demonstrates the benefits of using polarization-entangled photon pairs for quantum illumination and shows that the quantum correlation measure, using CHSH value and normalized CHSH value, is robust against losses, noise, and depolarization. We report the detection of objects with reflectivity (η) as low as 0.05 and an object submerged in noise with a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.003 using quantum correlation and residual quantum correlation measures, surpassing previous results. Additionally, we demonstrate that the normalized CHSH value aids in estimating the reflectivity of the detected object. Furthermore, we analyze the robustness of the correlation measure under photon attenuation in atmospheric conditions to show the practical feasibility of real-time applications.