Clifford Algebraic Reformulation of Quantum Mechanics with a Modified Born Rule

guobin ouyang

This paper derives the Born Rule from the algebraic structure of Cl(3) — without borrowing from quantum mechanics, but as a direct corollary of the Projection Intensity Identity and the bilinearity of the commutator. This shows that the Born Rule is not a postulate borrowed from the physical world, but an algebraic inevitability of the Clifford algebra. This paper provides a complete proof of the Projection Intensity Identity, a tight frame interpretation of the sector weight normalization, a rigorous three-step proof of the Born Rule, and numerical experiments verifying that the identity holds exactly on (error ).

A. K. Kwaśniewski, W. Bajguz, I. Jaroszewski

Ajit Kumar

Matthew Eltgroth

This paper develops a structural framework connecting quantum mechanics, category theory, and arithmetic geometry through the language of non-semisimple categories. Within the Algorithmic Motives (AM) and Ramified Arithmetic Coordinates (RAC) frameworks, core phenomena of quantum mechanics—including superposition, measurement, the Born rule, complementarity, and entanglement—are interpreted as consequences of categorical structures such as extension groups, global dimension, and exact functors. Superposition is identified with non-split extensions classified by Ext¹, while measurement is modeled as a functor to a semisimple category, forcing the annihilation of extension classes and yielding wavefunction collapse as an algebraic necessity. The Born rule is derived as the unique probability assignment compatible with the output category’s semisimple structure. Complementarity arises from the algebraic invariance of squared amplitudes under phase transformations. The framework further introduces a geometric interpretation of entanglement via covering spaces and deck transformations, and provides a categorical explanation of the quantum eraser phenomenon. These constructions are extended to arithmetic geometry through a dictionary linking Betti and étale realizations to wave and particle descriptions. A central component is the Ramified Arithmetic Coordinates (RAC) framework, which interprets the critical point of L-functions as a ramification point analogous to a coordinate singularity in general relativity. The modified trace is proposed as a coordinate system resolving this singularity. Within this structure, the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis is reformulated as a faithfulness condition for a modified comparison functor, with precise separation between proved finite-level results and conjectural infinite-level extensions. All statements are explicitly classified as Theorem, Structural Correspondence, or Conjecture, ensuring clarity between established results and proposed extensions. The paper is intended as a research exposition introducing a unified algebraic framework rather than a claim of equivalence between physical and arithmetic systems.

James B. Hartle

Derivations of Borns Rule are of interest because they tell us what's connected to what in quantum mechanics if we ever need to change or modify it.

Antonino Drago, A. Pirolo