Abstract: Quantum entanglement stands as the most counterintuitive phenomenon in quantum mechanics, with the EPR paradox and Bell test experiments having long fueled persistent debates concerning local realism and nonlocal correlations. Mainstream interpretations either presuppose hidden variables inherent to microscopic particles or introduce ad hoc physical postulates such as many-worlds branching or spontaneous collapse, yet none can dissolve the logical paradox of "spooky action at a distance" from the cognitive foundations. This paper takes as its sole inferential basis the theoretical framework proposed in Discrimination Mind and Wavefunction Collapse: A Novel Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Based on the Temporal Resolution of Consciousness, and draws upon the mathematical conclusions of the von Neumann measurement chain, the pratyakṣa-anumāna (direct perception vs. conceptual discrimination) cognitive model from Yogācāra Buddhism, and the core dynamics of conscious temporal sampling to reconstruct a comprehensive explanatory system for quantum entanglement across five dimensions: ontology, measurement dynamics, temporal scaling, epistemological foundations, and compatibility with Bell inequalities. [The "global indivisible quantum state" discussed herein is strictly limited to indecomposable pure entangled states (e.g., Bell states, GHZ states); for separable states, although the mathematics permits independent subsystem descriptions, they remain within the same untruncated von Neumann chain in the global evolution, and their failure to exhibit nonlocal correlations is precisely the result of anumāna being able to lock them separately.] The central argument reveals: the bipartition of particles, spatial segmentation, and independent objects are all cognitive slices manufactured by human anumāna (discrimination mind) based on finite temporal resolution; entanglement is not an intrinsic nonlocal force of microscopic particles, but rather a holistic appearance presented by globally unsegmented quantum states under observations with low temporal resolution; the global entanglement chain can only be uniformly truncated through human conceptual discrimination operations, with no instantaneous cross-spatial signal transmission involved. The locking of the global entanglement chain is equivalent to a retrospective anumāna validation of the initial preparation conditions—that is, a single discrete sampling by anumāna simultaneously defines the initial boundary conditions of the entangled system and all subsequent correlations. The entire explanatory framework introduces no additional ad hoc physical postulates, inheriting from the original theory only "the anumāna equipped with temporal locking function" as its transcendental intuitive axiom, while relying on the original theory's three-tiered experimental designs to yield falsifiable predictions, thereby offering a unified interpretation of quantum nonlocal correlations that integrates physical logic, cognitive science, and Eastern theories of mind.
Abstract: Quantum entanglement stands as the most counterintuitive phenomenon in quantum mechanics, with the EPR paradox and Bell test experiments having long fueled persistent debates concerning local realism and nonlocal correlations. Mainstream interpretations either presuppose hidden variables inherent to microscopic particles or introduce ad hoc physical postulates such as many-worlds branching or spontaneous collapse, yet none can dissolve the logical paradox of "spooky action at a distance" from the cognitive foundations. This paper takes as its sole inferential basis the theoretical framework proposed in Discrimination Mind and Wavefunction Collapse: A Novel Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Based on the Temporal Resolution of Consciousness, and draws upon the mathematical conclusions of the von Neumann measurement chain, the pratyakṣa-anumāna (direct perception vs. conceptual discrimination) cognitive model from Yogācāra Buddhism, and the core dynamics of conscious temporal sampling to reconstruct a comprehensive explanatory system for quantum entanglement across five dimensions: ontology, measurement dynamics, temporal scaling, epistemological foundations, and compatibility with Bell inequalities. [The "global indivisible quantum state" discussed herein is strictly limited to indecomposable pure entangled states (e.g., Bell states, GHZ states); for separable states, although the mathematics permits independent subsystem descriptions, they remain within the same untruncated von Neumann chain in the global evolution, and their failure to exhibit nonlocal correlations is precisely the result of anumāna being able to lock them separately.] The central argument reveals: the bipartition of particles, spatial segmentation, and independent objects are all cognitive slices manufactured by human anumāna (discrimination mind) based on finite temporal resolution; entanglement is not an intrinsic nonlocal force of microscopic particles, but rather a holistic appearance presented by globally unsegmented quantum states under observations with low temporal resolution; the global entanglement chain can only be uniformly truncated through human conceptual discrimination operations, with no instantaneous cross-spatial signal transmission involved. The locking of the global entanglement chain is equivalent to a retrospective anumāna validation of the initial preparation conditions—that is, a single discrete sampling by anumāna simultaneously defines the initial boundary conditions of the entangled system and all subsequent correlations. The entire explanatory framework introduces no additional ad hoc physical postulates, inheriting from the original theory only "the anumāna equipped with temporal locking function" as its transcendental intuitive axiom, while relying on the original theory's three-tiered experimental designs to yield falsifiable predictions, thereby offering a unified interpretation of quantum nonlocal correlations that integrates physical logic, cognitive science, and Eastern theories of mind.
English Abstract Since its inception, quantum mechanics has been troubled by the "measurement problem": why does observation cause the wavefunction to collapse, and what role does consciousness play in this process? Building upon von Neumann's measurement chain theory[1] and integrating the concept of "discrimination mind" (vikalpa) from Eastern philosophy, this paper proposes a testable novel hypothesis—consciousness, through its discriminative function, determines the manifestation of quantum system determinacy via its own temporal resolution. This hypothesis redefines the boundary between classical and quantum mechanics from "object size" to "the relative relationship between the sampling rate of consciousness and the rate of change of the observed object," and provides three progressively layered, mutually complementary, and falsifiable experimental designs. It offers an explanatory framework for the foundational problems of quantum mechanics that possesses both philosophical depth and scientific operability.
This work offers a foundational, ontological re-examination of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox and the violation of Bell inequalities. It argues that the apparent "nonlocality" in quantum mechanics stems not from a physical mechanism of interaction, but from an inadequate ontological premise shared by classical reasoning and many interpretations of quantum theory. Core Thesis: The paradox arises from the implicit assumption that measurement outcomes in entangled systems represent independent, local facts that pre-exist or can be defined separately. The work rejects this premise. Instead, it proposes that entangled states describe indivisible ontological structures, where correlated outcomes are not separate entities to be coordinated, but inseparable aspects of a single whole. Key Conceptual Innovations: The JED Postulate (Ontological Simultaneity): The cornerstone of the framework. It posits a global constraint on the co-realization of facts: for an entangled state, individual outcomes cannot exist as autonomous facts. They can only be realized as elements of an admissible pair (e.g., {Alice+, Bob-} or {Alice-, Bob+}). This is not a temporal or causal constraint, but a structural condition for existence. Formalism of Frames and Admissibility Relations: The ontology is formalized using "frames" (sets of co-existing facts) and an "admissibility relation" R, which encodes the structure of an entangled state (e.g., for a singlet: R = {(+, -), (-, +)}). The JED postulate ensures that a frame containing one element of a related pair must contain its counterpart. The "Broken Mirror" Metaphor: A central heuristic. Entanglement is likened to a mirror broken into two complementary halves. The halves do not "communicate" to match; their perfect fit is a consequence of their common origin in a single act of breaking. Asking "which half appeared first?" or "how does one half know about the other?" is ontologically meaningless—there is no process that produces only one isolated half. Resolution of the EPR Paradox: The paradox dissolves because its first step—treating Alice's local outcome as an independent fact—is invalid within the JED ontology. There is no independent fact for locality to protect, hence no contradiction between correlations and relativistic locality. Interpretation of Bell's Theorem: The work reframes Bell's theorem. Its violation is not proof of nonlocality, but empirical evidence against the ontology of independent local facts. Bell's mathematics is correct, but its physical significance depends on ontological axioms that may not hold. The JED ontology provides a local, realistic (but not fact-local) framework consistent with the correlations. Distinction from Hidden Variables: The approach is explicitly not a hidden-variable theory. It introduces no hidden parameters λ governing individual outcomes. The relation R is a structural definition of the entangled whole, not a hidden cause of correlations. Probabilities are treated as a descriptive layer over the admissible ontological structures. Methodology: The work is developed in the spirit of the "pencil-case" methodology, constructing minimal ontological models to analyze the logical roots of physical puzzles without adding new dynamical mechanisms. Scope and Intent: The present work should be read as a contribution to the philosophy of physics: it does not aim at proposing a new physical theory, but at clarifying the ontological assumptions underlying existing formalisms. It seeks to shift the discussion from "how do the parts communicate?" to "what kind of whole do the parts constitute?" The formalism is shown to be logically consistent with the standard quantum correlation function (e.g., E(θ,φ) = -cos(θ-φ)), without deriving it, thereby separating the ontological question of admissibility from the empirical-statistical question of probability distribution. Keywords: EPR Paradox, Bell's Theorem
The unmediated, instantaneous long-range correlation demonstrated by quantum entanglement has been repeatedly confirmed by experiments, yet it forms an irreconcilable logical paradox with humanity’s fundamental understanding of cosmic scale, spatial separation, and cognitive limitations. If entanglement is acknowledged to possess infinite, universal action capacity, it would lead to the extreme conclusion that humans could directly reach the boundaries of the universe and connect with the entire cosmos through microscopic quantum phenomena—a notion entirely at odds with the reality that humanity has yet to escape the solar system and remains largely ignorant of the vast majority of the universe. Through rigorous logical deduction, this paper proposes the only self-consistent dual possibilities: first, quantum entanglement may possess undiscovered physical limitations, with its nonlocal properties effective only within a finite scale; second, modern physics may harbor fundamental cognitive biases regarding the nature of space, the meaning of distance, and the reality of separation, suggesting that space is not an objective, independent foundational physical entity. This paper systematically demonstrates the rationality, self-consistency, and revolutionary implications of these two possibilities for physics and cosmology, offering a novel theoretical framework to resolve the underlying conflict between quantum mechanics and cosmology.
Abstract This work presents an interpretation of the phenomenon of quantum entanglement within the framework of the Topological Model of Physics (MTF). It is proposed that correlations between particles can be described in terms of a shared global phase or structure, defined at the common origin of the particles in the system. This phase does not determine pre-existing values of observables, but rather acts as a common geometric or topological constraint that is preserved during separation, whose projection in each measurement depends on the experimental context. In this approach, such a phase does not require dynamical evolution during the separation of the particles, and therefore the observed correlations need not be interpreted in terms of action at a distance at the moment of measurement. This proposal is related to the original formulation of the EPR paradox, as well as to the restrictions imposed by Bell’s inequalities and their experimental verifications, particularly in the works of Alain Aspect and CHSH. In this framework, the notion of “spooky action at a distance” is considered unnecessary as an explanatory element, since correlations are interpreted as the manifestation of a structure shared from the origin. A form of state or structural realism is preserved, but not a classical realism of pre-existing values; furthermore, there is no signal transmission and the limit imposed by the speed of light is respected. In standard quantum theory, when a property of an entangled particle is measured, the collapse of the wave function common to both particles occurs. Therefore, the value of the property measured in one of them determines the value of that same property in the other. The theory is fully verified experimentally, but it does not explicitly state the physical mechanism underlying this result. The aim of this presentation is to offer a physical interpretation of an underlying mechanism.
Quantum entanglement produces correlations that violate classical locality constraints while remaining fully consistent with relativistic no-signaling. Although standard quantum mechanics predicts these correlations with extraordinary empirical success, the ontological meaning of entangled states and the physical status of wave-function collapse remain deeply debated. This paper develops a speculative but structured informational interpretation in which entangled subsystems are modeled as multiple local realizations of a single shared informational identity within an underlying finite-capacity substrate. The framework is articulated through explicit postulates, density-matrix analysis, entanglement entropy, a toy realization scheme, and an informational identity operator acting on composite states. Within this view, nonlocal correlations arise not from superluminal causal influence but from ontological non-separability at the informational level. Measurement is interpreted as informational resolution: a reduction of degeneracy in the local realization of a shared informational structure. The irreversible stabilization of outcomes is then linked to thermodynamic cost through Landauer-type reasoning. The proposal is not advanced as a replacement for quantum mechanics, nor as a fully worked-out hidden-variable theory, but as an ontological scaffold intended to unify entanglement, collapse, and thermodynamic irreversibility within an informational perspective. Compatibility with Bell inequalities, decoherence, basis selection, and no-signaling is discussed in detail, together with limitations and possible routes toward future formalization and empirical relevance.
The standard interpretation of quantum measurement on entangled systems holds that measuring one particle nonlocally collapses the wavefunction of its spacelike-separated partner. We argue that this conclusion rests on a false presupposition: that subsystems of entangled systems possess independent ontic states. If the global wavefunction is the sole ontic object (ψ-ontic holism), then for entangled systems, there is no "state of B" to be affected by measurement at A. Measurement is a local dynamical process-concretely modeled by continuous spontaneous localization-that destroys one local wavefunction component at the measurement site; the global state factorizes as a consequence, and subsystem ontology emerges for the first time. The transition of the distant particle's reduced density matrix from mixed to pure reflects this emergence of separability, not a physical change at the distant location. The framework satisfies no-signaling and embraces the contextuality required by the Kochen-Specker and GHZ theorems. We are explicit about its relation to Bell's theorem: Bell local causality (factorizability) fails, as it must in any empirically adequate theory, but the failure is confined to outcome independence and is identified with the nonseparability of the global ontic state, while parameter independence-and with it the locality of the dynamics-holds exactly. Decoherence provides the mechanism by which the global wavefunction factorizes and classical separability emerges. The apparent nonlocality of quantum mechanics is thus reinterpreted as nonseparability: the fundamental ontology is holistic, but the dynamics are local.