We propose a corpuscular framework in which qubits possess individually defined states and single-event probabilities, based on an extension of the Born rule to single events. The extended rule provides a dynamical account of measurement at the single-event level. It reproduces quantum-mechanical joint probabilities through constraints on admissible joint states, replacing factorization over shared variables and relaxing the measurement-independence assumption underlying Bell-type analyses while maintaining independence of the source and measurement settings. Correlations arise from constraints imposed by the preparation and measurement configurations, without invoking dynamical non-local influence. The framework applies to arbitrary entangled states, including Bell, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger, and W states. Interference emerges as a statistical effect of indivisible corpuscles where visibility diminishes after sequential beam splitting, providing an experimental test distinguishing it from standard quantum mechanics.
We propose a corpuscular framework in which qubits possess individually defined states and single-event probabilities, based on an extension of the Born rule to single events. The extended rule provides a dynamical account of measurement at the single-event level. It reproduces quantum-mechanical joint probabilities through constraints on admissible joint states, replacing factorization over shared variables and relaxing the measurement-independence assumption underlying Bell-type analyses while maintaining independence of the source and measurement settings. Correlations arise from constraints imposed by the preparation and measurement configurations, without invoking dynamical non-local influence. The framework applies to arbitrary entangled states, including Bell, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger, and W states. Interference emerges as a statistical effect of indivisible corpuscles where visibility diminishes after sequential beam splitting, providing an experimental test distinguishing it from standard quantum mechanics.
Entangled qubits are interconnected at any separation. Quantum mechanics represents the interconnection by one unfactorizable entangled state. A measurement at one station collapses the entangled state and fixes the state assigned to the other qubit, depending on the outcome. Interpreted as physics, the entangled state and wavefunction collapse conflict with Einstein's separability and locality. We resolve the conflict by Corpuscular Quantum Mechanics, which replaces the entangled state with source constraints and reproduces the quantum joint probabilities exactly. Each qubit leaves the source carrying one of two definite states and an unshared random variable. An extended Born rule assigns a generally complex coefficient to the transition from the source-assigned state to the recorded outcome, using only what the qubit carries and the locally chosen measurement direction. Averaging products of the coefficients over the source ensemble returns the joint probabilities. Nothing is fitted. An exact identity maps the amplitudes of any pure n-qubit state to the source constraints. We prove the random variables admit a positive distribution meeting the constraints. The identity yields the joint probabilities of the Bell, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger, Eberhard, W, Hardy, and Dicke states for arbitrary directions. The resolution requires no action at a distance, no collapse, and no outcomes for unperformed measurements. The one change is that the event-level quantity is a transition coefficient, not a probability. Bell's theorem therefore does not apply. Quantum mechanics is thus one recipe for computing the correlations, and the entangled state is a feature of the recipe, not of nature.
We present a conceptual framework in which quantum probabilities arise from discrete events generated by real-valued alignments of inner products between two dynamically evolving wavefunctions. In this perspective, discreteness and probabilistic behavior emerge from the temporal structure of such events rather than being imposed axiomatically. Illustrative calculations show that the Born rule can appear as the limiting frequency of these events, without invoking wavefunction collapse, manyworlds branching, or decision-theoretic postulates. A two-state example demonstrates consistency with standard quantum predictions and suggests how outcome frequencies track Born weights. Extensions to interference scenarios, quantization heuristics, and multidimensional systems indicate that this proposal provides a fresh conceptual angle on the origin of quantum probabilities. This work is exploratory and aims to highlight the underlying idea rather than provide a completed alternative theory; questions concerning dynamical equations, general proofs, and experimental signatures remain open for future research.
This manuscript examines selected quantum-theoretic structures within the Finite Relational Closure Framework (FRCF). Starting from finite measurement contexts, admissible relational assignments, and measurement-induced equivalence classes, it develops a structural account of interference, complex-amplitude representation, probability, distinguishability, entanglement-like correlations, Bell-type contextual structure, no-signaling, apparent collapse, and the squared-modulus rule. The central proposal is that interference arises when relationally distinct assignments remain indistinguishable under a finite measurement and must be aggregated before observable intensities are assigned. Under the assumptions stated in the manuscript, this motivates a minimal two-component contribution structure, representable by complex amplitudes. Probabilities are obtained by normalizing intensities over finite outcome classes, while partial distinguishability suppresses interference through overlap of finite measurement records. The same measurement-based structure is extended to composite systems, where non-factorizable aggregation over joint admissible assignments provides a structural account of entanglement-like correlations. Apparent wave function collapse is interpreted as conditioning on a recorded finite outcome, corresponding to restriction of the admissible relational domain rather than physical reduction of an underlying state. The manuscript is intended as a finite-measurement and relational-constraint account of selected quantum-like structures, not as a complete reconstruction of quantum theory.
The evolution of a quantum system comprises two fundamental processes--continuous unitary dynamics and stochastic measurement-induced jumps. The latter are often viewed as a source of decoherence. Can two histories of such an evolution, made up of local measurements, interfere with each other? Here, we answer this question in the affirmative. A manifestation of this interference is the generation of entanglement between two parts of the system that are individually coupled to distinct detectors. Specifically, we develop a protocol in which two alternative local measurement processes act on a pair of qubits, and show how interference of histories is generated under coherent control, leading to entanglement. Furthermore, we find that averaging over the detectors' readouts still results in an entangled (albeit not maximally entangled) state. Our results extend the notion of quantum interference beyond unitary evolution to genuinely measurement-driven dynamics, and identify limits on the generation of quantum correlations using interference of measurement histories.
This work presents a formal extension of quantum measurement theory through the introduction of a contextual variable, denoted Δ, associated with observer-dependent basis selection. In standard quantum mechanics, the Born rule assigns probabilities to measurement outcomes under the assumption of observer-neutral measurement. This paper relaxes that assumption by modeling observer-dependent structure explicitly. The contextual variable Δ is formalized using a Focus Operator Ĉ, a positive trace-one operator defined on an auxiliary observer-state Hilbert space. This leads to a normalized, consciousness-weighted extension of the Born rule that reduces exactly to standard quantum mechanics in the observer-neutral limit. The framework does not assume that consciousness has been empirically shown to influence quantum measurement. Instead, it treats consciousness as a candidate realization of observer-dependent contextual structure and evaluates the proposal through experimentally testable predictions. The paper addresses the basis selection problem in quantum mechanics, reinterprets Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen correlations within a contextual framework, and demonstrates compatibility with Bell’s theorem and the no-signaling constraint. Four experimental protocols are proposed, including Bell-type tests, interference visibility modulation, quantum random number generator deviation analysis, and neural–quantum correlation studies, each designed to provide clear falsification criteria. The work is structured in two parts. Part I develops the formal model, including the definition of Δ, the Focus Operator Ĉ, the modified Born rule, and its recovery to standard quantum mechanics. Part II presents an interpretive framework that motivates the formalism but remains logically independent from it. This paper is intended as a speculative but formal research program. Its central aim is to determine whether observer-dependent contextual variables contribute measurable variance to quantum measurement outcomes. If experimental predictions are not observed, the framework should be rejected or revised. If they are observed, the role of the observer in quantum theory may require reconsideration.
The standard measurement postulate of quantum mechanics stipulates an instantaneous, non-local update of the global wavefunction upon measurement of an entangled subsystem. This postulate has been a persistent source of foundational tension, both with the locality structure of relativistic physics and with the dynamical character of the decoherence program. We separate the measurement postulate into three logically independent claims: definite outcome realization, Born-rule probability assignment, and instantaneous projection for the global wavefunction. We argue that the third claim can be eliminated at the axiomatic level and propose a modified measurement postulate, Postulate M, that replaces it. Under Postulate M, a single pointer outcome is realized locally when environmental decoherence has einselected a pointer basis at the measurement site; the corresponding selection acts on the global wavefunction as a conditional restriction to a branch rather than as a physical operation on spacelike-separated regions. We show that Postulate M recovers the standard measurement postulate as a limiting idealization for vanishing decoherence time, derives Lüders’ rule for sequential measurements, and yields no-signaling as an automatic structural consequence — not only at the level of measurement statistics but at the level of physical states themselves. Two explicit illustrations in the EPR scenario — with one and with both particles coupled to local spin environments — demonstrate the framework concretely and exhibit its frame-independent, manifestly local character. The framework is built on standard decoherence theory, compatible with multiple candidate mechanisms for single-outcome realization including gravitationally-induced collapse proposals, and naturally situated within a ψ-ontic reading of the quantum state. It represents, we argue, a reformulation of quantum mechanics as a local, state-realist theory — preserving Einstein’s aspiration for an objective physical world in the only form consistent with the empirical content of quantum mechanics, namely realism about the wavefunction rather than about pre-measurement observable values.