The standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics relies on a set of historically established, ad hoc postulates to describe particle-wave duality, measurement, and non-locality. In this paper, we propose a single foundational axiom that fully reproduces the standard mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics while eliminating the need for supplementary assumptions. From this singular postulate, we rigorously derive the fundamental origin of the wave function and the mathematical generator of the Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, we demonstrate via isomorfism that all seemingly inexplicable quantum phenomena—including wave-function collapse and quantum entanglement—are mathematically and conceptually reducible to the underlying dynamics of the double-slit experiment. By establishing a direct fundamental correlation between the double-slit interference mechanism and the Monty Hall phenomenon, we prove that these effects are distinct manifestations of the exact same principle. We framed the double-slit experiment as an interference of the space of possibilities affected by information and simetrys. Ultimately, by anchoring the existing quantum mathematical framework to this unique axiom, this work provides a coherent, paradox-free ontological foundation that resolves the interpretational crisis of quantum mechanics without altering its empirical predictive power.
The standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics relies on a set of historically established, ad hoc postulates to describe particle-wave duality, measurement, and non-locality. In this paper, we propose a single foundational axiom that fully reproduces the standard mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics while eliminating the need for supplementary assumptions. From this singular postulate, we rigorously derive the fundamental origin of the wave function and the mathematical generator of the Schrödinger equation. Furthermore, we demonstrate via isomorfism that all seemingly inexplicable quantum phenomena—including wave-function collapse and quantum entanglement—are mathematically and conceptually reducible to the underlying dynamics of the double-slit experiment. By establishing a direct fundamental correlation between the double-slit interference mechanism and the Monty Hall phenomenon, we prove that these effects are distinct manifestations of the exact same principle. We framed the double-slit experiment as an interference of the space of possibilities affected by information and simetrys. Ultimately, by anchoring the existing quantum mathematical framework to this unique axiom, this work provides a coherent, paradox-free ontological foundation that resolves the interpretational crisis of quantum mechanics without altering its empirical predictive power.
Quantum mechanics emerged in the first decades of the 20th century as a powerful mathematical framework for describing microscopic phenomena. While its predictive success in specific domains is widely acknowledged, its ontological foundations remain deeply problematic nearly a century after its formulation. This paper examines the historical development of quantum mechanics, focusing on the introduction of key concepts such as the collapse of the wave function and quantum entanglement. It argues that these notions did not arise as direct consequences of experimental findings, but were introduced as additional postulates to resolve internal inconsistencies within the theory. The analysis highlights the circular nature of experimental confirmation in quantum mechanics and demonstrates that even the most rigorous tests, including loophole-free Bell inequality experiments, primarily validate mathematical predictions rather than resolve fundamental ontological questions. Multiple alternative interpretations proposed over the decades have failed to achieve consensus, indicating persistent conceptual difficulties. The paper concludes that quantum mechanics, particularly in its standard interpretation, functions more as a speculative mathematical construction than as a coherent and ontologically consistent theory of physical reality. «Keywords:» quantum mechanics, wave function collapse, quantum entanglement, measurement problem, ontology, Copenhagen interpretation, Bell inequalities, alternative interpretations, philosophy of physics
The double-slit interference experiment serves as a fundamental experiment in quantum mechanics. Core theories including wave-particle duality, quantum superposition and measurement collapse are established on the basis of this phenomenon. The mainstream Copenhagen interpretation and Bohmian pilot-wave theory rely heavily on mathematical statistical fitting to interpret experimental outcomes, yet they fail to reveal the real physical evolution mechanism of photons at the microscale. Moreover, they inherently suffer from symmetry breaking, causal discontinuity and logical inconsistency. The symmetry-breaking analogy widely adopted in academic circles contains dimensional mismatch and conceptual substitution, representing a cognitive bias that places mathematical tools above physical mechanisms. Based on the symmetry principle of classical physics and the rule of continuous causal evolution, this paper systematically identifies the core defects of mainstream quantum interpretations and points out the paradigm limitation of quantum mechanics that prioritizes mathematical fitting over physical ontology. A spatial particle resonance propagation model is proposed. This model explains that photons are essentially the resonance manifestation of space particles. When resonance passes through double slits, the resonance body splits symmetrically, and then recombines after passing through the slits to form interference. Measurement will break the symmetry of resonance, resulting in the disappearance of interference fringes. This model maintains continuous causality and geometric symmetry, and provides a new physical mechanism explanation for quantum uncertainty and measurement effects in double-slit experiments.
This article surveys a selection of key conceptual and interpretational developments in quantum mechanics, tracing the theory from its foundational postulates to contemporary discussions of measurement, nonlocality, and the emergence of classicality. Beginning with the structure of Hilbert space and the postulates governing state evolution and measurement, the epistemic stance of the Copenhagen interpretation and its modern reformulations are examined. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument, Bell's theorem, and Hardy's paradox are then discussed as probes of locality and realism, alongside the deterministic but explicitly nonlocal de Broglie-Bohm theory. The measurement problem and the implications of contextuality are analyzed in relation to objective collapse models, which introduce new physical dynamics to account for definite outcomes. Finally, the role of decoherence in the suppression of interference and the emergence of classical behavior is explored, together with the interpretational frameworks of many-worlds and consistent histories. This material aims to provide a coherent introductory overview of how several of the most prominent interpretations address the central concern of what quantum mechanics tells us about the nature of physical reality.
This article analyzes the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics with regard to its historical role, logical consistency, and ontological assumptions. It argues that the Copenhagen interpretation has been extraordinarily successful as a practical framework connecting the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics with experimental results, but that its positivist restriction to observable quantities does not provide a complete physical explanation of quantum wave behaviour. The analysis of other interpretations suggests that no interpretation of quantum mechanics, including the Copenhagen interpretation, can avoid some form of hidden entity. The central argument is based on the double-slit experiment: probability or mere possibility cannot by themselves physically cause interference, and therefore some real wave-like entity must exist whose effect is only probabilistically described by the wave function. The wave function is therefore not understood as a physical wave itself, but as an epistemic description of the interaction between a particle and a deeper hidden wave structure. The Copenhagen interpretation need not be simply rejected; rather, it can be understood as a successful simplification of a deeper interpretation. It accurately describes measurable results, but it does not explain the real mechanism that produces them. The article suggests that inspiration for such a deeper view can be found in quantum field theory: particles are perturbations of fields, and quantum entanglement may indicate the existence of a deeper nonlocal field of entanglement.
Background: The unification of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics represents a fundamental challenge in theoretical physics due to their mutually exclusive conceptual foundations: continuous deterministic geometry versus probabilistic wave functions. While the de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave theory offers a deterministic, trajectory-based alternative to the standard probabilistic framework, it introduces a non-local, ad-hoc "Quantum Potential" (Q) to account for phenomena such as interference and non-locality. The lack of a geometric origin for Q in standard spacetime remains a significant conceptual barrier to a fully unified theory. Purpose: This paper aims to resolve this interpretational crisis by proposing that the Quantum Potential is not a fundamental or mysterious external force, but rather a derived geometric artifact. We postulate that the physical universe is fundamentally a 4-dimensional Complex Manifold (ℂ4), extending the standard Riemannian spacetime manifold to include imaginary coordinates. Methods: To establish this geometric basis, we treat the quantum wave function not as an abstract probabilistic amplitude, but as a physical, holomorphic map describing a particle's deterministic trajectory through this complex spacetime. Utilizing the Cauchy-Riemann conditions, we demonstrate that the Bohmian amplitude (R) is strictly coupled to the particle's location in the imaginary dimension. We then analyze the dynamics of particles following geodesics within ℂ4. By projecting the complex geodesic equation of motion onto the observable real slice (ℝ4), we separate the real and imaginary components of the complex 4-velocity to observe the energy balance. Conclusions: Our derivation reveals that the Quantum Potential (Q) emerges naturally and is mathematically identical to the kinetic energy component associated with a particle's hidden motion in these imaginary dimensions. This formulation successfully recovers the predictions of the Schrödinger equation while removing the ad-hoc nature of Bohmian mechanics. Furthermore, it interprets quantum non-locality—such as the interference observed in the double-slit experiment—as purely local, deterministic geodesic motion around topological singularities in a curved complex manifold. Ultimately, this framework provides a unified geometric description wherein gravity is the curvature of real coordinates, electromagnetism is the torsion of imaginary coordinates, and quantum mechanics is inertial motion through this complex geometry.
This work presents a unified, interpretive account of quantum interference and delayed-choice experiments that applies equally to photons and massive particles. Rather than invoking spacetime trajectories, wave–particle duality, retrocausality, or collapse postulates, the paper locates quantum interference in the coherent evolution of internal, pre-geometric degrees of freedom defined over classical spacetime. Within this framework, “which-path” questions are not merely unanswered but fundamentally ill-posed: interference arises from global coherence of an internal field subject to experimental boundary conditions, while spacetime itself remains single-valued and classical at laboratory scales. The approach reproduces all standard quantum-mechanical predictions without modification and is explicitly interpretive rather than predictive. A central result is a unified explanation of why interference occurs across disparate physical systems—photons, electrons, atoms, and molecules—while decoherence manifests through system-dependent physical mechanisms. Photons and massive particles differ in how internal coherence is lost (e.g., electromagnetic absorption versus collisional and thermal interactions), but not in the underlying principle. Delayed-choice experiments are reinterpreted without paradox: changes to the apparatus modify boundary conditions for the internal field rather than retroactively altering particle histories. By removing spacetime paths from the fundamental ontology, the framework offers a consistent, path-free account of interference, decoherence, and localized detection that preserves the empirical success of quantum mechanics while clarifying its conceptual foundations.