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IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems

Quantum Radar Ambiguity Function

Hao Duan, Jun Li, Weihao Wang, Jihong Guo, Qinghua Guo

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum radar (QR) has been shown to provide enhanced performance in target detection and parameter estimation, while its resolution capability remains largely unexplored. In classical radar theory, the ambiguity function is used to characterize waveform resolution capability. However, the volume invariance of the ambiguity function and the uncertainty relation of the Fourier transform impose fundamental limitations on the resolution capability of any single waveform. In this paper, we extend the idea of waveform ambiguity function to QR systems, thereby developing a quantum ambiguity function (QAF) that enables the evaluation of the ultimate resolution of quantum states and serves as a guide for quantum state design. We show that quantum entanglement reduces the volume of the QAF and increases the time- bandwidth product, thereby overcoming these classical limitations. Furthermore, by drawing an analogy to classical waveform modulation, we show how modulating entangled states can further improve resolutions and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these improvements.

DOI
10.1109/taes.2026.3696944

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Quantum radar (QR) has been shown to provide enhanced performance in target detection and parameter estimation, while its resolution capability remains largely unexplored. In classical radar theory, the ambiguity function is used to characterize waveform resolution capability. However, the volume invariance of the ambiguity function and the uncertainty relation of the Fourier transform impose fundamental limitations on the resolution capability of any single waveform. In this paper, we extend the idea of waveform ambiguity function to QR systems, thereby developing a quantum ambiguity function (QAF) that enables the evaluation of the ultimate resolution of quantum states and serves as a guide for quantum state design. We show that quantum entanglement reduces the volume of the QAF and increases the time- bandwidth product, thereby overcoming these classical limitations. Furthermore, by drawing an analogy to classical waveform modulation, we show how modulating entangled states can further improve resolutions and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these improvements.
Quantum radar represents a promising advancement over classical radar systems by exploiting quantum mechanical phenomena such as entanglement and quantum measurement to overcome fundamental detection limitations. This paper reviews the evolution of radar technology from conventional radar frequency systems to quantum radar architectures, with emphasis on sensitivity enhancement and detection of RF-stealth targets for military defense applications. Classical radar parameters such as radar range, transmitted power and cross section are revisited and extended to their quantum analogues. The role of entangled single photon sources in improving detection performance under high noise and jamming environments is discussed. Context of microwave quantum radar is reviewed along with photonic implementations. This paper further highlights the importance of quantum measurement theory, including system-apparatus entanglement, density matrix formalism and wave function collapse in extracting information from quantum radar systems. Although significant experimental challenges remain, recent advances indicate strong potential for future development of quantum radar in next generation defense and surveillance systems.
This paper provides a brief introduction of the current state of quantum radar (QR) technology development, focusing on the experimental methods used for modifying QR in a laboratory setting. We delve into the foundational principles of quantum electrodynamics and consider interferometric aspects. Quantum radar systems, empowered by quantum measurements, extend their capabilities beyond conventional target detection and recognition, encompassing the detection and identification of RF stealth platforms and advanced weapons systems. Quantum technology is gaining paramount significance in various research domains, with the emergence of the concept of quantum radar, which leverages the quantum states of photons to extract information from distant targets. The mechanism involves dispatching photons, or photon clusters, toward the target, whereupon they are absorbed and subsequently re-emitted. The crucial measurement process can be executed in two distinct manners. One approach entails an interferometric measurement, often referred to as phase measurement, conducted on the photons, while the alternative method involves the straightforward quantification of returning photons. These methods are respectively known as Interferometric QR and Quantum Illumination (QI). In both approaches, one can opt to employ stationary quantum states of photons or harness entangled states. Extensive research has demonstrated that the use of entangled states yields the most significant resolution enhancement, achieving optimal results under ideal conditions. Quantum states offer a substantial advantage by virtue of their inherent correlations, referred to as quantum correlations, which augment both resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the radar system. This paper explores the intricacies of these advancements in quantum radar technology, shedding light on the underlying principles and experimental methodologies.
Quantum radar serves to drastically improve the resolution of current radar technology using quantum phenomena. This paper will first review some of the proposed ideas and engineering designs behind both entanglement radar and coherent state radar design schemes. Entanglement radar is based on first entangling two photons, then sending one of the entangled photons out towards the target, and keeping the other one at home. A correlation between the two photons is analyzed to obtain information. Coherent state quantum radar relies on using coherent state photons and a quantum detection scheme in order to beat the diffraction limit. Based on the above, a proposed design concept to implement of a coherent state quantum radar is presented for simultaneously determining target range and azimuth/elevation angles.
In this study, some important parts of a quantum radar are designed using the quantum electrodynamics theory and significantly focused on entanglement conservation. Quantum radar is generally defined as a detection sensor that utilizes the microwave photons like a classical radar and simultaneously employs quantum phenomena to improve detection, identification, and resolution capabilities. However, the entanglement is so fragile, unstable, and difficult to preserve for a long time. Also, more importantly, the entangled states have a tendency to leak away due to the noise. The points mentioned enforces that the entangled states should be carefully studied at each step of the quantum radar detection processes such as the creation of the entangled photons in the tripartite system, the amplification of the photons, the propagation into the atmosphere, and the reflection from the target. At each step, the parameters related to the real mediums and target material can affect the entangled states to leak away easily. The results of simulations indicate that the features of the tripartite system and amplifier are so important to lead the detected photons to remain entangled with the optical modes. Nonetheless, it is found that a lot of entangled photons lose the related non-classical correlation.
Recently proposed methods for generation of entangled (quantum correlated) signals directly in microwave frequency range give more chances for design of QR for long-range applications. In such applications, the range resolution capability is of a great importance. Using analogy of signal generation and processing in Noise Radar and Quantum Radar we describe a novel concept for Stepped-Frequency QR (SF-QR) design which enables preserving quantum properties of probing signals and provide range resolution capability in SF-QR.
The need for improved and reduced integration time for detection in radars has led researchers to develop quantum radars. Quantum Radars use the concepts of quantum mechanics, like quantum entanglement and quantum illumination to give enhanced results in detection with reduced integration time. Quantum Radars have found applications in various fields like - aerospace, biomedical imaging, and civilian. This paper primarily focuses on the novel design of a quantum antenna that is capable of simulating the phenomena of quantum entanglement. It also gives a concise idea about Quantum radars by providing a comparison to the classical radars and a simple simulation of a quantum antenna that can be used to create the phenomena of quantum entanglement.