Aiming at the controversies between traditional interpretations of polarization optics and mainstream theoretical explanations of the quantum entanglement CHSH experiment, this paper proposes a new physical hypothesis: the light transmission and blocking effects of polarizers are essentially the direction-matching screening effect between the intrinsic spin direction of photons and the atomic arrangement structure of the polarizer grating. Photon spin direction and the atomic barrier exhibit a 90° directional interaction switching: weak interaction and transmission when parallel, strong interaction and blocking when deflected 90° perpendicular, and recovery of transmission when rotated another 90°. The CHSH experiment, currently used to prove the existence of quantum entanglement, does not verify superluminal quantum correlation, quantum state superposition, collapse, or other theories. Its experimental phenomena entirely stem from the intrinsic opposite spin-matching property of photon pairs at the moment of generation. Like electron-positron pairs, photons naturally carry opposite spin states when excited in pairs. Polarization detection is only the screening and observation of the pre-existing spin states of photons, rather than a measurement that alters the quantum state of photons. Based on this, all polarization experiments and CHSH observations can be reasonably explained by a classical microscopic spin mechanism, avoiding the logical paradox of action-at-a-distance in quantum entanglement theory.
Aiming at the controversies between traditional interpretations of polarization optics and mainstream theoretical explanations of the quantum entanglement CHSH experiment, this paper proposes a new physical hypothesis: the light transmission and blocking effects of polarizers are essentially the direction-matching screening effect between the intrinsic spin direction of photons and the atomic arrangement structure of the polarizer grating. Photon spin direction and the atomic barrier exhibit a 90° directional interaction switching: weak interaction and transmission when parallel, strong interaction and blocking when deflected 90° perpendicular, and recovery of transmission when rotated another 90°. The CHSH experiment, currently used to prove the existence of quantum entanglement, does not verify superluminal quantum correlation, quantum state superposition, collapse, or other theories. Its experimental phenomena entirely stem from the intrinsic opposite spin-matching property of photon pairs at the moment of generation. Like electron-positron pairs, photons naturally carry opposite spin states when excited in pairs. Polarization detection is only the screening and observation of the pre-existing spin states of photons, rather than a measurement that alters the quantum state of photons. Based on this, all polarization experiments and CHSH observations can be reasonably explained by a classical microscopic spin mechanism, avoiding the logical paradox of action-at-a-distance in quantum entanglement theory.
Aiming at the controversies over traditional polarization optics explanations and mainstream interpretations of quantum entanglement in CHSH experiments, this paper proposes a new physical conjecture: the light transmission and shielding effects of polarizers essentially result from the direction-matching screening effect between the intrinsic spin direction of photons and the grating structure of polarizers. The current CHSH experiments, which are used to prove the existence of quantum entanglement, do not confirm any theories such as non-local quantum correlation, quantum state superposition, or collapse. All experimental phenomena arise entirely from the intrinsic opposite spin matching property of photon pairs at the moment of generation. Like electron–positron pairs, photons naturally carry opposite spin states when generated in pairs. Polarization detection is only a screening observation of the existing spin states of photons, rather than a measurement that alters the quantum states of photons. Based on the classical microscopic spin mechanism, all polarization experiments and CHSH experimental observations can be explained consistently, avoiding the logical paradox of non-local action in quantum entanglement theory.
The Canadian photon splitting experiment on two photon polarization correlation has long been regarded by mainstream physics as important experimental evidence for quantum entanglement and spooky action at a distance. However, the underlying physical mechanism of this effect lacks corresponding descriptions of entity evolution processes, and existing explanations mostly rely on mathematical fitting. Based on the Light Origin Theory, this paper abandons non classical assumptions such as quantum superposition and quantum entanglement. By applying the scalpel like division mechanism of crystal lattices, the collision perturbation effect between photons and atomic lattices, and the conservation rule of polarization angle matching, this paper provides a complete physical interpretation for co polarized and orthogonally polarized distributions of twin photons. This paper establishes two fundamental optical criteria: first, photon energy rise fall, fusion and splitting must satisfy the precondition of consistent polarization angles; second, collisions between photons and material atoms can alter photon polarization angles. Based on the above mechanisms, this paper clarifies that only two stable polarization pairing modes exist after photon splitting. A thought experiment with a triangular prism optical path is designed to test the inference that atomic lattice collisions change photon polarization angles. This research revises partial theoretical deviations in traditional optics and provides a brand new classical entity based physical interpretation for the laws governing photon photon interactions.
Abstract: "God does not play dice—he decrees the rules" “上帝不掷骰子——他制定规则” Peering through the veil of a century of history, this study provides a profound anatomy and comprehensive reconstruction of Bell’s theorem and the CHSH inequality from both mathematical and physical perspectives. Building upon this foundation, we establish the unified theorem of correlation determination (UTCD) for photon polarization. This framework comprehensively illuminates the underlying mechanism driving polarization correlation effects—including the long-mythologized phenomenon of quantum entanglement—thoroughly explains the physical phenomena and deep-seated paradoxes of CHSH experiments, and delivers four falsifiable experimental predictions (4.3 Testable experimental predictions) with highly distinct boundaries, capable of immediate, direct, and unambiguous validation across contemporary optics laboratories while keeping existing standard configurations unchanged. Crucially, while mainstream literature takes the non-local interpretation for granted, the historical record for an unmanipulated hardware baseline using classical localized states remains completely non-existent. This critical absence of a direct control group provides the primary empirical justification for the testable predictions presented herein—human science now stands before Galileo’s Leaning Tower of Pisa, watching in breathless anticipation of this ultimate verdict for the physics of our time: 1 – CHSH experiment with conventional photon pairStrictly adhering to the standard measurement configuration defined in the experimental protocol, the classical paired two-photon states predefined in CH74 are adopted to substitute the conventional entangled photon pairs in general CHSH experiments, to implement joint measurements for parallel or orthogonal correlations.Experimental predictions:- As long as the requirement of Condition #1 of the UTCD theorem (the intrinsic root cause behind the generation of the “correlation effect” between paired photons is that they possess parallel, antiparallel, or orthogonal polarization azimuth) can be truly satisfied, the final parallel correlation S-value will definitely exceed 2, and will approach the following maximum theoretical value just like the “entangled photon pairs” commonly used in CHSH experiments: S=2\sqrt{2}\approx 2.828- This experiment can also use any other paired photons as long as they satisfy Condition 1. For example, the method of single-photon-level synchronous pulse + splitting the same pulse can naturally realize event-by-event co-polarization binding; or use the idle port of the entangled photon source as a trigger marker to “decohere” the original entangled photon pairs into co-polarized paired photons, and directly mark the pairing events with the trigger signal. This can also achieve the same effect, and all can obtain the predicted result of S>2. 2 – “Failure Test” of entangled photon pairsWith the standard CHSH experimental setup unchanged, the commonly used “entangled photon pairs” in CHSH experiments are adopted to carry out the “failure test” of quantum entanglement effect: Alice and Bob select exactly the same measurement angles (for example, both are 35° or any other arbitrary angle).Experimental predictions:- Whether the photon at end A transmits first or the photon at end B transmits first — assuming the photon at end A transmits first, the transmission probability of the photon at end B will by no means achieve the claimed 100% efficiency/accuracy. Instead, it will fluctuate drastically around the baseline of 0.5 according to \cos^{2}\left(\theta -35^{\circ }\right), unless someone intentionally or unintentionally modulates its polarization angle to 35^{\circ } before the photon at end B enters the PBS. - The aforementioned determination will explicitly emerge within the macroscopic statistical results of coincidence counts via the law of large numbers.- Analogously, this reasoning holds for an orthogonal polarization correlation scenario. 3 – “Incapacitation test” of entangled photon pairsStrictly follow the standard measurement configuration and procedure specified in the CHSH experiment protocol, and use the “entangled photon pairs” commonly adopted in CHSH experiments: before they reach their respective PBS, change the polarization angle of one of the photons, for example, by not applying polarization compensation at a single end or applying unbalanced polarization compensation, so that the photons at ends A and B cannot maintain their original parallel or orthogonal polarization angles.Experimental predictions: The S parameter in this experiment is impossible to exceed 2. 4 – Single-sided measurement of entangled photon pairsThis single-end characterization is performed strictly adhering to the canonical measurement configuration defined in the standard CHSH experimental protocol, utilizing polarization-entangled photon pairs — the standard entangled resource universally adopted in CHSH testbeds — as the input quantum state. Specifically, the optical path of side B is deliberately extended to introduce a well-controlled temporal delay, such that the photon propagating to side A impinges first on PBS pre-calibrated to operate at a 0° measurement basis, before being registered by the single-photon counting module.Experimental predictions:- The transmission and reflection probabilities of the photon at end A will absolutely never be exactly (or approximately) 0.5. Instead, they will fluctuate drastically (unlike the close-around) around the baseline of 0.5 in accordance with \cos^{2}\left(\theta -0^{\circ }\right) , rather than closely around it— unless someone intentionally or unintentionally modulates the polarization angle of the photon at end A to 45^{\circ } before it enters the PBS.- The above determination will clearly emerge in the macroscopic statistical results of the two coincidence counts for transmission and reflection through the law of large numbers, which can be obtained by comparing the distribution of the coincidence counts at both ends within a unit time window.- When the single-end PBS is changed to other measurement angles, similar predicted results will emerge by the same logic. A “present-day” prediction/assertionIt is time for quantum computing and quantum computers to stage an exit, since the quantum entanglement effect simply does not exist—human scientific productivity and precious scientific resources, which have been imprisoned for a century, should be completely liberated and released into genuinely meaningful scientific endeavors. The classical photon pairs defined by CH74 for local realism can perfectly yield the maximum violation of CHSH inequality under both parallel and orthogonal polarization correlations. This verification profoundly reveals the fundamental mechanism underlying the “correlation effect” of twin photons, while simultaneously elucidating why any peer-paired photons, regardless of whether they originate from homologous or non-homologous sources, can perfectly demonstrate this correlation. Leveraging rigorous mathematical and physical reasoning, the UTCD theorem provides an a priori constraint for determining the correlation between a pair of photons generated through an underlying stochastic mechanism. Its tautological expression is given below (in tribute to Bell): #1 The intrinsic root cause behind the generation of the “correlation effect” between paired photons is that they possess parallel, antiparallel, or orthogonal polarization azimuth.#2 As long as they satisfy Condition #1 before arriving at the PBS, their S value will be greater than 2.#3 As long as they fail to satisfy Condition #1 before arriving at the PBS, their S value will not be greater than 2.#4 Any instance with S>2 necessarily satisfies Condition #1, while any instance with S≤2 invariably stems from the non-fulfillment of Condition #1. Condition #1 satisfied⟺S>2Condition #1 not satisfied⟺S≤2 The objective completeness of this theorem lies in its capability to comprehensively and exhaustively encompass all the probability dimensions of photon transmission event, thereby allowing for a complete and precise determination of the polarization correlation between the two paired photons. This “tautological” mathematical logic rule serves as the intrinsic explanation for “classical” photons breaking through Bell inequality, and moreover, provides the realistic explanation for all the entangled photons breaking through Bell inequality during CHSH experiments. Simultaneously, the extension of this theorem can likewise elucidate the experimental paradoxes in multi-setting Bell test, high-dimensional Bell tests and three-dimensional spin geometric correlation of high-energy particles (such as the quantum entanglement of top-quark pairs asserted by CERN in 2024): once the N-dimensional probability events encompassed by the UTCD theorem are fully incorporated, the so-called quantum entanglement effect will be demystified, entirely degenerating into the correlation described herein and becoming mere subsets within the UTCD theorem. This work stands in tribute to Bell, and the pioneering minds of CHSH and CH74: it is precisely their relentless exploration of the quantum realm and their monumental achievements that laid the foundation for the successful formulation of the UTCD theorem. Enshrouded beneath the triple iron curtains of the Planck limit, the photon indivisibility principle, and the no-cloning theorem, this represents humanity’s sole triumph to date—relying strictly on profound conceptual insights and razor-sharp experimentation—in catching a glimpse of the world hidden within the quantum scale. For the first time in history, light quanta have pierced through these triple iron curtains to present humanity with a macroscopic manifestation of their intrinsic, microscopic properties. There can be no higher tribute paid to Dr. Bell, whose profound insights were first br
In quantum mechanics, quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon in which quantum particles (such as photons, electrons...) are connected to each other despite the large distances between them.This phenomenon occurs when a pair or group of particles is created in such a way that the quantum state of a particular particle cannot be described independently of other particles, even if there is a large distance between these particles.This research dealt with a computerized theoretical study of John Bell's theory to verify quantum entanglement, which was later tested by the French scientist Alain Aspect on photons of light, and the polarization angles of light were (0.45, 22.5, 67.5)This experiment was conducted and the results were recorded from the virtual interactive quantum entanglement laboratory (VIQEL), which is highly efficient in simulating the equations of quantum mechanics and probability functions, where we obtained accurate results by increasing the number of photonic pairs involved in the experiment and then the results were compared with the results of previous research by other scientists to prove that the main variable, which is the angle of polarization, does not affect the result when its value changes, but its effect lies in the difference in angles in the experiment, which in turn enhances From the theory of quantum entanglement.
We present a new experimental study of the quantum entanglement of photon pairs produced in positron-electron annihilation at rest. Each annihilation photon has an energy that is five orders of magnitude higher than the energy of photons in optical experiments. It provides a unique opportunity for controlled Compton pre-scattering of initial photons before the polarization measurements. The experimental setup includes a system of Compton polarimeters to measure the angular correlations of annihilation photons in initial and thus prepared pre-scattered states. For the first time, a direct comparison of the polarization correlations of initial and pre-scattered annihilation photons has been carried out. The angular distributions of scattered in polarimeters photons turned out to be the same for both types of events. Moreover, the correlation function in the Bell's inequality is also the same for both states. We discuss the implications of our results for quantum measurement theory and for the quantum-entangled positron emission tomography.
Since the establishment of modern optics, the physical nature of light has been debated for centuries, which finally led to the mainstream theory of waveparticle duality. This theory holds that photons intrinsically possess both particle and wave properties, and it is adopted to interpret diverse optical phenomena including rectilinear propagation, polarization, interference and diffraction, forming the fundamental framework of modern quantum optics. Nevertheless, the theory of waveparticle duality contains inherent logical defects. Its essential flaw lies in confusing two completely distinct physical concepts: the intrinsic properties of a substance itself and the morphological features of its motion trajectory. Conventional theories mistake the apparent waveshaped trajectory produced by particle motion for the intrinsic wave property of microparticles, resulting in persistent conceptual ambiguity, missing physical mechanisms and logical inconsistencies within microoptics. This paper constructs an optical underlying model from a purely particle perspective to clarify the real mechanism behind waveparticle phenomena of light. A photon is an indivisible, nonspreading, nontrailing pointlike physical particle with no intrinsic wave property. While propagating, a photon travels along a fixed straightline direction and undergoes inherent transverse oscillation within the plane perpendicular to its propagation direction. At the moment of its generation, a photon uniquely fixes its transverse oscillation angle, amplitude and frequency within the 360degree plane perpendicular to its travelling direction. Once determined, these parameters remain constant throughout propagation without random shifts or arbitrary changes. Superposition of the photon’s longitudinal rectilinear motion and fixedangle transverse oscillation generates a standard sinusoidal trajectory. Consequently, all wavelike features observed in optics are geometric apparent effects originating from particle motion trajectories, rather than material properties intrinsic to photons. Based on this model, this paper reinterprets the core physical mechanism behind doubleslit interference. Contrary to the traditional explanation of photon selfinterference or wavefield superposition, interference fringes arise from microscopic mechanical interactions between transverselyoscillating photons and slit walls when photons pass through the slits. Such interactions regularly deflect photon flight angles. After being deflected and filtered by slits, large numbers of photons form uneven statistical distributions on the receiving plane and produce macroscopically observable lightanddark fringes. This paper also defines the threshold for photonphoton interactions. Ordinaryenergy photons such as visiblelight, infrared and ultraviolet photons do not interact, collide or exchange energy with one another in free space. Only gammaraylevel highenergy photons may collide, undergo energy annihilation, and convert into material particles such as electronpositron pairs. Relying entirely on classical mechanical superposition principles and discarding the contradictory hypothesis of waveparticle duality, the proposed purelyparticle model provides selfconsistent explanations for core classical optical phenomena and achieves analytical revision for the underlying logic of optical waveparticle phenomena.