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Chinese Physics B

Cascaded frequency conversion based on C-STIRSAP CD-driving technique

Zhen Chen, Zhaocong Liang, Hongzhang Chen, Changshui Chen

Published May 20, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Nonlinear optical frequency conversion techniques enable the generation of new laser frequencies that are not directly accessible from laser sources. Lasers at different frequencies have distinct applications across various fields, including fiber-optic communication, medical imaging, material processing, display panel manufacturing, and biomolecular detection. We propose a theoretical model for four-process cascaded frequency conversion based on the chainwise stimulated Raman shortcut-to-adiabatic passage (C-STIRSAP) counter-diabatic (CD) driving technique. The model modifies the coupling functions of the chainwise stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (C-STIRAP) scheme by using the shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) CD-driving method. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the C-STIRSAP CD-driving technique allows efficient four-process frequency conversion over a wide range of delay and width parameters. Furthermore, it enhances the robustness of the process against variations in temperature and signal wavelength.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ae705a

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Abstract Cascaded frequency conversion is widely used to generate laser radiation at various wavelengths. Adiabatic schemes have been introduced into this field. In this paper, we propose a counter-diabatic driving scheme based on stimulated Raman shortcuts-to-adiabatic passage (STIRSAP), which does not rely on the mixing-angle approximation and remains effective even under phase mismatch conditions. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed scheme maintains high conversion efficiency over a substantially broader parameter range than the conventional STIRSAP scheme.
Abstract In recent years, a series of adiabatic passage techniques for atomic systems have been introduced into the field of nonlinear optics. We propose a theoretical model of the fourth-order three-process cascaded frequency conversion technique based on fractional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (FSTIRAP). Building upon the STIRAP technique, the FSTIRAP technique splits the original third pump laser into two separate pump lasers, each subjected to Gaussian modulation. This achieves the simultaneous output of the first idler laser and the second idler laser with tunable output ratios at the end of the crystal, while ensuring the complete conversion of the signal laser. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the FSTIRAP technique enables highly efficient frequency conversion, with the total conversion efficiency showing robustness across a wide range of pump laser intensities, coupling delay parameters, and crystal temperatures. Additionally, the output ratio of the first idler laser to the second idler laser can be controlled by independently tuning the delay parameter or the crystal temperature.
Shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) are channels that can fast prepare a desired quantum state with high fidelity which obtains more and more research in the atomic domain. Based on stimulated Raman shortcut-to-adiabatic passage (STIRSAP), we propose a frequency conversion technique which works through a non-adiabatic route and produces the same energy distribution as in adiabatic evolution. Numerical simulation results show that the conversion is efficient and robust. Our results reveal a novel scenario for frequency conversion and relax the strict limitations on system parameters in adiabatic frequency conversion.
Abstract Based on the Lewis-Riesenfeld (LR) invariant based inverse engineering for Shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA), we propose a cascaded frequency conversion technique. The technique maintains the same initial and final states as stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) but does not follow an adiabatic evolution during the intermediate processes. The results of numerical simulations show that the technique transfers the eigenstates from the initial state to the final state by designing an adiabatic evolutionary path, which is free to choose the length of the crystal within the crystal laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT), thus realizing a rapid adiabatic cascaded frequency conversion process with robustness under certain temperature variations and signal-laser wavelength variations.
A cascaded sum frequency generation (SFG) conversion scheme based on the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) technique is proposed for generating an ultraviolet laser radiation at 228 nm. The conversion involves two simultaneous SFG processes, in which the signal laser radiation is converted to ultraviolet laser radiation through a negligible intermediate laser radiation. Dark state expressions and adiabatic conditions are given. Numerical simulations demonstrate the efficient conversion processes in a nonlinear LaBGeO 5 (LBGO) crystal, and the effects of the coupling modulation function, pump laser intensity, and temperature on the quantum conversion efficiency are investigated. Tunable output of ultraviolet laser radiation in the 210–250 nm range is achieved by varying the signal or pump laser radiation wavelength while maintaining other input parameters. The large amount of optical data obtained in this work will contribute to the generation of deep ultraviolet laser sources based on nonlinear cascaded frequency conversion.
Chainwise stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (C-STIRAP) in a M-type molecular system is a good alternative in creating ultracold deeply bound molecules when the typical STIRAP in a $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-type system does not work due to weak Frank-Condon factors between states. However, its creation efficiency under smooth evolution is generally low. During the process, the population in the intermediate states may decay out quickly and the strong laser pulses may induce multiphoton processes. In this paper, we find that the shortcut to adiabaticity (STA) fits very well in improving the performance of the C-STIRAP. Currently, related discussions on the so-called chainwise stimulated Raman shortcut-to-adiabatic passage (C-STIRSAP) are rare. Here, we investigate this topic under adiabatic elimination. Given a relation among the four incident pulses, it is quite interesting that the M-type system can be generalized into an effective $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-type structure with the simplest resonant coupling. Consequently, all possible methods of STA for the three-state system can be borrowed. We take the counterdiabatic driving and ``chosen path'' methods as instances to demonstrate our treatment of the molecular system. Although the chosen path method does not work well in a real three-state system if there is strong decay in the excited state, our C-STIRSAP protocol under both methods can create ultracold deeply bound molecules with high efficiency in the M-type system. The evolution time is shortened without strong laser pulses and the robustness of STA is well preserved. Finally, the detection of ultracold deeply bound molecules is discussed.