A Regulatory Taxonomy of Quantum Technologies

Kanishka Agiwal, Padmapriya Mohan, Reena Dayal Yadav

Raghavendra M Devadas, Sowmya T

Abstract Quantum technologies — encompassing quantum sensing, quantum computing and machine learning (QML), quantum nanomaterials, and quantum cryptography — represent an emerging class of physical and computational tools with the potential to address fundamental limitations in clinical medicine across diagnostics, therapeutics, drug discovery, and health-information security. Despite a rapidly growing body of peer-reviewed evidence, estimated at a compound annual growth rate of approximately 14.8% over 2016–2025, the extant literature organises findings by technology type rather than clinical specialty, limiting accessibility for clinically-oriented readers and precluding systematic cross-domain technology maturity comparison. This review addresses that structural gap through a specialty-first synthesis of the quantum-medicine literature and the introduction of an original five-dimension Translational Readiness Taxonomy (TRT: Hardware Maturity, Validation Setting, Benchmarking Rigour, Reproducibility, Regulatory Pathway) as a replicable cross-domain maturity assessment instrument. A total of 168 peer-reviewed studies were identified through a reproducible seven-step PRISMA-aligned screening pipeline from a deduplicated corpus of 14,303 records (Scopus n = 7,081; Web of Science n = 4,644; PubMed n = 2,578), organised across five clinical domains: cardiology , neurology , oncology, genomics and drug discovery , and health data security ; 2022; Indumathi et al. 2024; Roosan et al. 2025; Freyer et al. 2025; Roosan et al. 2024; Lo et al. 2024; Singh et al. . Three original synthesising frameworks are additionally introduced: the Quantum-Medicine Translation Pipeline (QMTP), the Evidence-Maturity Bubble Matrix, and the Quantum-Medicine Ecosystem Map. Neurology leads translational readiness across hardware maturity, clinical validation, and benchmarking dimensions, driven by progressive optically-pumped-magnetometer magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG) clinical adoption. Oncology, despite constituting 41.7% of included studies and generating the four highest-cited records, exhibits the lowest TRT composite score, with no prospective patient-recruited trials identified across its 70 included studies. A QML-framing-versus-evidence gap is confirmed in cardiology and oncology, where near-term clinical QML claims lack the computational proof-of-concept infrastructure that would logically need to precede them. Health data security leads regulatory maturity via the 2024 NIST finalisation of post-quantum cryptographic standards (CRYSTALS-Kyber/FIPS 203)

Koffka Khan

The Quantum-Crypto Stream Framework (QCSF) is a comprehensive taxonomy that elucidates the multifaceted role of quantum cryptography in securing video streaming applications.By integrating the principles of quantum key distribution, encryption, and decryption, QCSF establishes a robust foundation for enhancing the security of video streams.It encompasses secure communication channels, authentication mechanisms, and protection against quantum threats, offering a holistic approach to safeguarding video content.QCSF also explores the potential of quantum technology in user authentication, secure multi-party computation, and regulatory compliance.This framework aims to foster a deeper understanding of how quantum cryptography can fortify the integrity and confidentiality of video streaming, paving the way for quantumsecured video experiences in the evolving digital landscape.

Christophe Couteau, S. Lazić

Toshio Tonouchi

Kseniia Nikolskaia, Aleksey Minbaleev

The article provides a comparative analysis of legal models for certification of quantum cryptographic equipment in Singapore and Russia. This area is very relevant, as quantum communication technologies are rapidly developing today, and there is a need to ensure their security. The paper examines the regulatory framework, institutional architecture, conformity assessment mechanisms, and standardization approaches that determine the functioning of quantum communications security systems in the two countries. Particular attention is paid to the differences between Singapore’s innovative and market model, built on the flexible integration of international standards and the participation of scientific and technological companies, and Russia’s centralized, regulatory-strict model, focused on ensuring national security and controlling cryptographic tools. Based on regulatory, comparative, and expert-analytical methods, practices potentially applicable in the Russian system are identified: multi-level certification schemes, test sites, regulatory sandboxes, and the use of international standards. The results obtained allow us to identify directions for modernizing the Russian model for certifying quantum technologies while maintaining its strategic priorities.