This technical report introduces the HSKG Virtual Quantum Processing Unit (vQPU), a software-defined acceleration layer achieving O(1) computational complexity for spatiotemporal lattice quantization. It presents a stateless data materialization protocol that eliminates persistent private key storage in blockchain infrastructures, providing an immediate defense against quantum threats. Verified by the Google DeepMind Antigravity audit, this work establishes a new paradigm in post-quantum data sovereignty.
This technical report introduces the HSKG Virtual Quantum Processing Unit (vQPU), a software-defined acceleration layer achieving O(1) computational complexity for spatiotemporal lattice quantization. It presents a stateless data materialization protocol that eliminates persistent private key storage in blockchain infrastructures, providing an immediate defense against quantum threats. Verified by the Google DeepMind Antigravity audit, this work establishes a new paradigm in post-quantum data sovereignty.
The imminent appearance of Quantum Computers poses a threat to the cryptographic algorithms used by public key infrastructure (PKI) of world-wide used communication protocols. High performance computing (HPC) data centers, among others entities, being well aware of the catastrophic consequences of quantum attacks to their PKI, are transitioning to Post-Quantum Cryptographic (PQC), despite the considerable associated overhead on handling the incoming network packets. This work helps with the transition to PQC providing an implementation of a quantum-resilient security protocol for communication between data processing units (DPU). Our solution ensures quantum security providing PQ authentication by means of CRYSTALS-Dilithium, PQ authenticated Key exchanges by means of CRYSTALS-Kyber and confidential transmission of data by means of AES-256. Additionally, the implementation on DPUs help reducing the computational load on the HPC data centers.
With the development of quantum computing, classical cryptosystems (RSA, ECDSA) that ensure the security of distributed ledgers face an existential threat. This paper examines protocols for protecting personal data (PD) in blockchain, taking into account the “Harvest Now, Decrypt Later” strategy. We propose and formalize a family of protocols designed for storing and exchanging personal data in blockchain systems. The article describes in detail approaches to software implementations of smart contracts for the Ethereum (using ECIES (Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme) and Keccak-256) and Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 (integrating NIST post-quantum standards: ML-KEM (Module-Lattice-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism) and ML-DSA (Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm)) platforms based on the developed protocols. For all developed protocols, a Threat Agent Model (TAM) is presented, threat scenarios are examined, and resilience to typical attack scenarios is demonstrated. A comparative analysis of computational efficiency and overhead is conducted. The results show that using lattice cryptography provides high performance, but the 50-fold increase in signature size makes direct implementation of PQC (Post-Quantum Cryptography) in Layer 1 public networks economically unfeasible. A hybrid model and the use of Layer 2 to ensure quantum resistance are proposed.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic methods used in blockchain-based healthcare systems. Existing security mechanisms such as RSA and ECC are vulnerable to quantum attacks, posing a risk to patient data integrity, confidentiality, and authentication mechanisms. To address this challenge, postquantum cryptographic (PQC) solutions, including lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, and multivariate polynomial-based techniques, have been proposed. This study systematically reviews and classifies PQC methods and their integration into blockchainbased healthcare infrastructures. A three-layer security model is discussed to enhance blockchain resilience against quantum attacks. The study further explores on-chain, off-chain, and crosschain security mechanisms within healthcare applications to ensure secure medical data storage, patient identity management, and interoperability among healthcare providers. The findings suggest that hybrid cryptographic models, combining classical and post-quantum techniques, provide a practical transition strategy for ensuring long-term security in blockchain networks. This research contributes to the field by offering a structured classification of quantum-resistant blockchain security mechanisms and providing insights into future research directions, particularly in the areas of quantum-safe healthcare data management, performance optimization of PQC methods, and the development of quantum-resistant smart contracts.
This paper presents a quantum-enhanced blockchain architecture addressing the dual challenges of quantum vulnerability and scalability limitations in conventional distributed ledgers. We propose a novel framework integrating three key innovations the NIST-standardized Dilithium lattice-based cryptosystem for post-quantum encryption, quantum-resistant binary data structures (1011011 sequences) for integrity verification, and sharded post-quantum key management. Our experimental results demonstrate significant improvements over classical systems, achieving 2,542 TPS throughput (2.7× increase) and reducing cryptographic latency by 67% using BB84 quantum protocols. The architecture provides comprehensive protection against Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms while maintaining blockchain’s decentralized principles through a hybrid quantum-classical consensus mechanism. Comparative analysis reveals our solution outperforms both RSA (classical) and Kyber (hybrid) in all evaluated metrics, including encryption speed (325 MB/s) and key generation time (112 ms). This work establishes a practical pathway for transitioning blockchain infrastructures to quantum-resistant paradigms without compromising performance.
As quantum computing systems continue to scale up and become more clustered, efficiently compiling user quantum programs into high-fidelity executable sequences on real hardware remains a key challenge for current quantum compilation systems. In this study, we introduce a system-software framework that integrates resource virtualization and hardware-aware compilation for real quantum computing processors, termed QSteed. QSteed virtualizes quantum processors through a 4-layer abstraction hierarchy comprising the real quantum processing unit (QPU), standard QPU (StdQPU), substructure of the QPU (SubQPU), and virtual QPU (VQPU). These abstractions, together with calibration data, device topology, and noise descriptors, are maintained in a dedicated database to enable unified and fine-grained management across superconducting quantum platforms. At run time, the modular compiler queries the database to match each incoming circuit with the most suitable VQPU, after which it confines layout, routing, gate resynthesis, and noise-adaptive optimizations to that virtual subregion. The complete stack has been deployed on the Quafu superconducting cluster, where experimental runs confirm the correctness of the virtualization model and the efficacy of the compiler without requiring modifications to user code. By integrating resource virtualization with a select-then-compile workflow, QSteed demonstrates a robust architecture for compiling programs on noisy superconducting processors. This architectural approach offers a promising path toward efficient compilation needs across various superconducting quantum computing platforms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era.
Conventional cryptographic algorithms that are widely used in Software-Defined Networking (SDN), cloud computing, and edge computing infrastructures are facing a serious challenge because of the fast development of quantum computing. The traditional public-key cryptography like RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is believed to be vulnerable to quantum attacks, which will require quantum-resistant security mechanisms to be adopted. The past few years have seen a focus on incorporating Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, and Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) into SDN, with the aim of creating secure, programmable, and intelligent communication infrastructures. The paper summarizes the recent progress in post-quantum secure SDN in cloud and edge computing. The study starts by examining how lattice-based cryptographic algorithms like CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium can be integrated in SDN controllers and SDN programmable networks. Then, hybrid QKD-PQC architectures for quantum-safe communication are discussed, followed by intelligent SDN architectures based on AI-powered threat detection, blockchain-based trust management, and adaptive cryptographic orchestration. Moreover, the paper reviews recent advances, summarizes research challenges, and points towards scalable, autonomous, and quantum-resistant networking infrastructures for next-generation cloud, IoT, edge and 6G networks and ecosystem