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International Conference on Quantum Communications, Networking, and Computing (QCNC)

Quantum Key Distribution Using Entangled Pairs with Random Grouping

Archana Jayprakash Singh, Zouheir Rezki, Zain Ali, Hamid R. Sadjadpour

Published Apr 6, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) allows two legitimate parties to establish a secret key with informationtheoretic security. However, existing protocols have a very low noise tolerance, limiting their deployment in practical quantum channels with finite resources. We propose a novel QKD protocol based on entanglement swapping that achieves higher noise tolerance and improved key rates. In the proposed protocol, a six-bit symbol is encoded in a six-qubit state formed by randomly grouping the state into three pairs to form three Bell states. The proposed protocol maintains a positive secrecy rate for eavesdropper interception probabilities approaching 100 % under the intercept-and-resend attack model, significantly outperforming existing protocols in the literature.

DOI
10.1109/qcnc69040.2026.00177

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) allows two legitimate parties to establish a secret key with informationtheoretic security. However, existing protocols have a very low noise tolerance, limiting their deployment in practical quantum channels with finite resources. We propose a novel QKD protocol based on entanglement swapping that achieves higher noise tolerance and improved key rates. In the proposed protocol, a six-bit symbol is encoded in a six-qubit state formed by randomly grouping the state into three pairs to form three Bell states. The proposed protocol maintains a positive secrecy rate for eavesdropper interception probabilities approaching 100 % under the intercept-and-resend attack model, significantly outperforming existing protocols in the literature.
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A Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol describes how two remote parties can establish a secret key by communicating over a quantum and a public classical channel that both can be accessed by an eavesdropper. QKD protocols using energy-time entangled photon pairs are of growing practical interest because of their potential to provide a higher secure key rate over long distances by carrying multiple bits per entangled photon pair. We consider a system where information can be extracted by measuring random times of a sequence of entangled photon arrivals. Our goal is to maximize the utility of each such pair. We propose a discrete time model for the photon arrival process, and establish a theoretical bound on the number of raw bits that can be generated under this model. We first analyse a well known simple binning encoding scheme, and show that it generates significantly lower information rate than what is theoretically possible. We then propose three adaptive schemes that increase the number of raw bits generated per photon, and compute and compare the information rates they offer. Moreover, the effect of public channel communication on the secret key rates of the proposed schemes is investigated.
Abstract A new eavesdropping strategy is proposed for the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol. This scheme represents a new kind of intercept/resend strategy based on Bell’s theorem. Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides the foremost reliable form of secure key exchange, using only the input-output statistics of the devices to realize information-theoretic security. In this paper, we present an improved QKD protocol that can simultaneously distribute the quantum secret key. We are already using the QKD protocol with simulated results matched completely with the theoretical concepts.