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International Conference on Next-Gen Quantum and Advanced Computing: Algorithms, Security, and Beyond (NQComp)

Noise-Tolerant and Eavesdropper-Resilient BB84 Quantum Key Distribution: A Qiksit-Based Simulation Framework

Rajat B. Hubballi, Shivashish Gour, Prerana P, Shreyas R, Gopal Krishna Prasad, Shilpa Shankar

Published Mar 5, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/nqcomp68334.2026.11497748

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ABSTRACT Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are techniques that use the laws of quantum physics to safely distribute cryptographic keys. QKD protocols are able to identify attempts at eavesdropping during the distribution of keys, possibly providing a better level of security than traditional encryption. We present a comparative evaluation of the three QKD protocols, namely, BB84, E91 and an enhanced BB84 (EBB84) with the goal of identifying the best balance between security and efficiency for practical quantum communication systems. Motivated by the growing need for quantum‐resistant cryptography, extensive simulations in the Qiskit framework under both ideal and plausible noisy conditions is conducted, including depolarising, thermal relaxation, Pauli, amplitude damping and phase damping noise models. For each protocol, key lengths are varied from 200 to 3000 bits and, where relevant, simulated intercept–resend attacks to assess resilience against eavesdropping. The key performance metrics, QBER for BB84/EBB84 and the CHSH inequality parameter for E91 are computed over 50 iterations per scenario to ensure statistical robustness. The analysis reveals distinct trade‐offs: EBB84 achieves superior early eavesdropper detection at short key lengths, whereas differences between BB84 and EBB84 diminishes as key lengths increases; E91 maintains strong entanglement‐based security but is more sensitive to certain noise types. Regression analysis confirms that depolarising and amplitude damping noise most strongly influence QBER and CHSH degradation, whereas key length has a secondary effect. These findings mark the importance of adaptive key management and noise mitigation strategies and offer guidelines for integrating QKD into emerging network architectures such as SDN, 5G, and 6G.

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Composable Security and Finite-Key Analysis ofMulti-Basis BB84 and Phase-Engineered E91Protocols Under Noisy Quantum Channels

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Abstract Purpose : Practical quantum key distribution (QKD) deployments remain constrainedby finite-key effects, hardware noise, and limited adversarial attackmodeling. This work aims to close the gap between theoretical composable securityguarantees and realistic hardware performance by developing noise-resilient,multi-basis QKD protocols with provable finite-key security bounds. Methods : A generalized multi-basis BB84 protocol (MB-BB84) and a phaseengineeredE91 entanglement-based scheme (PE-E91) are developed with composablesecurity guarantees under depolarizing and amplitude-damping noisechannels. Finite-key security bounds are derived using the smooth min-entropyframework. Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) error mitigation is integrated intothe composable security analysis. Experimental validation is performed usinghardware-calibrated noise models derived from superconducting quantum processors. Results : The 3-basis MB-BB84 achieves a composable finite-key rate 7.4%higher than standard BB84 at a block size of one million signals, while increasingintercept-resend eavesdropper detection probability from 75.0% to 83.3%.PE-E91 improves the CHSH Bell parameter by 4.2% over standard E91. ZNE mitigationextends the practical security threshold by 30–40% in terms of maximumtolerable gate error rate on superconducting hardware. All analytical predictionsare confirmed within 3–5% of semidefinite-programming-computed key ratebounds. Conclusion : The proposed unified framework bridges theoretical composablesecurity and practical hardware constraints, providing explicit design guidelinesfor scalable, noise-resilient QKD architectures suitable for next-generationquantum communication networks.

•Sep 17, 2026•0 citations
ABSTRACT Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are techniques that use the laws of quantum physics to safely distribute cryptographic keys. QKD protocols are able to identify attempts at eavesdropping during the distribution of keys, possibly providing a better level of security than traditional encryption. We present a comparative evaluation of the three QKD protocols, namely, BB84, E91 and an enhanced BB84 (EBB84) with the goal of identifying the best balance between security and efficiency for practical quantum communication systems. Motivated by the growing need for quantum‐resistant cryptography, extensive simulations in the Qiskit framework under both ideal and plausible noisy conditions is conducted, including depolarising, thermal relaxation, Pauli, amplitude damping and phase damping noise models. For each protocol, key lengths are varied from 200 to 3000 bits and, where relevant, simulated intercept–resend attacks to assess resilience against eavesdropping. The key performance metrics, QBER for BB84/EBB84 and the CHSH inequality parameter for E91 are computed over 50 iterations per scenario to ensure statistical robustness. The analysis reveals distinct trade‐offs: EBB84 achieves superior early eavesdropper detection at short key lengths, whereas differences between BB84 and EBB84 diminishes as key lengths increases; E91 maintains strong entanglement‐based security but is more sensitive to certain noise types. Regression analysis confirms that depolarising and amplitude damping noise most strongly influence QBER and CHSH degradation, whereas key length has a secondary effect. These findings mark the importance of adaptive key management and noise mitigation strategies and offer guidelines for integrating QKD into emerging network architectures such as SDN, 5G, and 6G.
We investigate the resilience to noise of single-qubit quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols in the scenario of security against independent eavesdropping attacks and key distillation based on one-way classical communication. To this end, we introduce a noise-based metric that quantifies the efficiency of QKD protocols. Within this framework, we analyze the maximal noise levels that allow Alice and Bob to asymptotically establish a secure secret key. Using this assumption, we compare the noise tolerance of general single-qubit QKD protocols, in particular the BB84, B92, E91, and six-state protocols. Our main result determines the noise level threshold for QKD allowing one to distill an asymptotically secure secret key. Additionally, we demonstrate that the six-state protocol achieves the greatest resistance to noise while simultaneously yielding a higher post-selection efficiency than the other analyzed single-qubit protocols, confirming its robustness within the considered security model. Finally, we perform an analysis of the proposed noise-based metric and the conventional quantum bit error rate (QBER) metric.
Abstract Purpose : Practical quantum key distribution (QKD) deployments remain constrainedby finite-key effects, hardware noise, and limited adversarial attackmodeling. This work aims to close the gap between theoretical composable securityguarantees and realistic hardware performance by developing noise-resilient,multi-basis QKD protocols with provable finite-key security bounds. Methods : A generalized multi-basis BB84 protocol (MB-BB84) and a phaseengineeredE91 entanglement-based scheme (PE-E91) are developed with composablesecurity guarantees under depolarizing and amplitude-damping noisechannels. Finite-key security bounds are derived using the smooth min-entropyframework. Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) error mitigation is integrated intothe composable security analysis. Experimental validation is performed usinghardware-calibrated noise models derived from superconducting quantum processors. Results : The 3-basis MB-BB84 achieves a composable finite-key rate 7.4%higher than standard BB84 at a block size of one million signals, while increasingintercept-resend eavesdropper detection probability from 75.0% to 83.3%.PE-E91 improves the CHSH Bell parameter by 4.2% over standard E91. ZNE mitigationextends the practical security threshold by 30–40% in terms of maximumtolerable gate error rate on superconducting hardware. All analytical predictionsare confirmed within 3–5% of semidefinite-programming-computed key ratebounds. Conclusion : The proposed unified framework bridges theoretical composablesecurity and practical hardware constraints, providing explicit design guidelinesfor scalable, noise-resilient QKD architectures suitable for next-generationquantum communication networks.