Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Quantum Information Processing

A novel centralised e-payment protocol based on superdense coding

Zeynep Çelik, Hüseyin Bodur

Published May 4, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The security and anonymity of e-payment transactions are paramount. In this study, we propose a centralised e-payment protocol based on superdense coding. By adopting quantum key establishment principles inspired by quantum key distribution (QKD) and combining them with superdense coding-based message transmission, symmetric key encryption, and two-particle entanglement, our quantum e-payment protocol utilises Bell states to reduce the complexity of quantum resources. The protocol is used for both key distribution and secure message transmission between the communicating parties. It is also resilient against quantum attacks and provides operational non-repudiation and immutability. Compared to previously proposed protocols, our protocol offers improved security while maintaining practical feasibility for real-world applications.

DOI
10.1007/s11128-026-05175-4

Related papers

A Practical E-Payment Protocol Based on Quantum Multi-Proxy Blind Signature*

Xu-Feng 旭峰 Niu 牛, Jianzhong Zhang, Shu-Cui Xie +1 more

Abstract A practical E-payment protocol is presented in this paper. It is based on quantum multi-proxy blind signature. Adopting the techniques of quantum key distribution, one-time pad and quantum multi-proxy blind signature, our E-payment system could protect user’s anonymity as the traditional E-payment systems do, and also have unconditional security, which the classical E-payment systems can not provide. Furthermore, compared with the existing quantum E-payment systems, this practical system could not only support mobile E-payment transactions but also inter-bank transactions .

Communications in Theoretical Physics•Nov 1, 2018•11 citations

A Novel Circuit Approach to Superdense Coding with Bell-Diagonal States on IBM Q

Saida M. Alkurkushi

Abstract The superdense coding protocol is essential for quantum communication, allowing more efficient data transmission. This protocol facilitates the transfer of two bits of classical information using just one qubit by leveraging a pre-existing pair of Bell states. To achieve this capability, traditional implementations of superdense coding depend on entangled states, such as Bell states. This paper introduces a novel circuit that utilizes Bell diagonal states to implement the superdense coding protocol. We provide detailed instructions for the procedure using IBM’s Quantum Computing Lab, enabling practical applications in real-world contexts. Furthermore, the paper highlights the security features of this protocol, emphasizing its significance for secure communication in quantum networks. The combination of efficiency and security represents a notable advancement in quantum information science. We implemented and tested the proposed superdense coding circuit on the IBM Q quantum computing platform using Qiskit. Through extensive simulations on IBM’s Statevector and QASM simulators, we assessed the performance of the circuit based on Bell diagonal states (BDS)in terms of accuracy, noise resilience, and resource efficiency. Our findings indicate that, while Bell diagonal states pose challenges related to noise and decoherence, they also provide potential advantages in reducing qubit usage and enhancing error correction. This research contributes to the exploration of alternative techniques for superdense coding, which may have applications in quantum communication and future quantum networks. However, additional theoretical and experimental investigations are necessary to fully evaluate the scalability and practicality of this approach.

•Mar 11, 2025•0 citations

QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION USING SUPER DENSE CODING

Tamal Deb, Jyotsna Kumar Mandal, Deeptanu Sen

Built based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables secure communication for distant parties. Entanglement-based protocols are a type of QKD protocol that uses the phenomenon of entanglement for detecting eavesdroppers between two communicating parties. In this paper, a novel QKD protocol is devised that uses the concept of superdense coding and padding bits to share the one-time pad, i.e., the key. The super dense coding is achieved by sharing a pre-existing entangled pair of qubits by leveraging the beautiful property of entanglement. The communicating parties can share a one-time pad using this protocol securely. This paper will demonstrate this phenomenon using the proposed protocol by showing the experimental results which has been surfaced with IBM Qiskit simulator, and the simulation establishes the applicability of the protocol and shows its effectiveness in detecting eavesdropping attempts while being simple to implement.

JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES•Aug 15, 2025•2 citations

Quantum Entanglement Stream Encryption Protocol

Jincheng Zhang

This paper presents a novel quantum entanglement stream encryption protocol designed to enhance security against emerging quantum attacks. The protocol leverages a layered network of entangled nodes to achieve secure data transmission. The core mechanism involves deploying multiple physically separated entanglement sources, facilitating information exchange between nodes, and employing redundancy coding alongside a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol at each entanglement node. This approach significantly improves the protocol's robustness and practicality compared to traditional single-node entanglement schemes. The proposed system aims to provide a high level of security by exploiting the inherent properties of quantum entanglement and employing strategic redundancy to mitigate potential vulnerabilities. The protocol's design incorporates key aspects of quantum cryptography, including the fundamental principles of entanglement, the secure distribution of cryptographic keys, and the use of redundancy to enhance resilience against eavesdropping and attacks. The ultimate goal is to establish a secure communication channel for streaming data, impervious to attacks from both classical and future quantum adversaries.

•Sep 2, 2026•0 citations

Quantum Secure Direct Intercommunication with Superdense Coding and Entanglement Swapping

Dazu Huang, Ying Guo, Zeng Gui-Hua

A quantum secure direct intercommunication scheme is proposed to exchange directly the communicators' secret messages by making use of swapping entanglement of Bell states. It has great capacity to distribute the secret messages since these messages have been imposed on high-dimensional Bell states via the local unitary operations with superdense coding. The security is ensured by the secure transmission of the travel sequences and the application of entanglement swapping.

Communications in Theoretical Physics•Dec 1, 2008•0 citations

Quantum Secure Direct Intercommunication with Superdense Coding

Ying Guo, Moon Ho Lee

A quantum secure direct intercommunication scheme is proposed to exchange directly the communicators' secret messages by making use of swapping entanglement of Bell states. It has great capacity to distribute the secret messages since these messages have been imposed on high-dimensional Bell states via the local unitary operations with superdense coding. The security is ensured by the secure transmission of the travel sequences and the application of entanglement swapping.

International Conference on Security Technology (SecTech)•Dec 1, 2008•0 citations
Abstract The security and anonymity of e-payment transactions are paramount. In this study, we propose a centralised e-payment protocol based on superdense coding. By adopting quantum key establishment principles inspired by quantum key distribution (QKD) and combining them with superdense coding-based message transmission, symmetric key encryption, and two-particle entanglement, our quantum e-payment protocol utilises Bell states to reduce the complexity of quantum resources. The protocol is used for both key distribution and secure message transmission between the communicating parties. It is also resilient against quantum attacks and provides operational non-repudiation and immutability. Compared to previously proposed protocols, our protocol offers improved security while maintaining practical feasibility for real-world applications.
Abstract A practical E-payment protocol is presented in this paper. It is based on quantum multi-proxy blind signature. Adopting the techniques of quantum key distribution, one-time pad and quantum multi-proxy blind signature, our E-payment system could protect user’s anonymity as the traditional E-payment systems do, and also have unconditional security, which the classical E-payment systems can not provide. Furthermore, compared with the existing quantum E-payment systems, this practical system could not only support mobile E-payment transactions but also inter-bank transactions .
Abstract The superdense coding protocol is essential for quantum communication, allowing more efficient data transmission. This protocol facilitates the transfer of two bits of classical information using just one qubit by leveraging a pre-existing pair of Bell states. To achieve this capability, traditional implementations of superdense coding depend on entangled states, such as Bell states. This paper introduces a novel circuit that utilizes Bell diagonal states to implement the superdense coding protocol. We provide detailed instructions for the procedure using IBM’s Quantum Computing Lab, enabling practical applications in real-world contexts. Furthermore, the paper highlights the security features of this protocol, emphasizing its significance for secure communication in quantum networks. The combination of efficiency and security represents a notable advancement in quantum information science. We implemented and tested the proposed superdense coding circuit on the IBM Q quantum computing platform using Qiskit. Through extensive simulations on IBM’s Statevector and QASM simulators, we assessed the performance of the circuit based on Bell diagonal states (BDS)in terms of accuracy, noise resilience, and resource efficiency. Our findings indicate that, while Bell diagonal states pose challenges related to noise and decoherence, they also provide potential advantages in reducing qubit usage and enhancing error correction. This research contributes to the exploration of alternative techniques for superdense coding, which may have applications in quantum communication and future quantum networks. However, additional theoretical and experimental investigations are necessary to fully evaluate the scalability and practicality of this approach.
Built based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables secure communication for distant parties. Entanglement-based protocols are a type of QKD protocol that uses the phenomenon of entanglement for detecting eavesdroppers between two communicating parties. In this paper, a novel QKD protocol is devised that uses the concept of superdense coding and padding bits to share the one-time pad, i.e., the key. The super dense coding is achieved by sharing a pre-existing entangled pair of qubits by leveraging the beautiful property of entanglement. The communicating parties can share a one-time pad using this protocol securely. This paper will demonstrate this phenomenon using the proposed protocol by showing the experimental results which has been surfaced with IBM Qiskit simulator, and the simulation establishes the applicability of the protocol and shows its effectiveness in detecting eavesdropping attempts while being simple to implement.
This paper presents a novel quantum entanglement stream encryption protocol designed to enhance security against emerging quantum attacks. The protocol leverages a layered network of entangled nodes to achieve secure data transmission. The core mechanism involves deploying multiple physically separated entanglement sources, facilitating information exchange between nodes, and employing redundancy coding alongside a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol at each entanglement node. This approach significantly improves the protocol's robustness and practicality compared to traditional single-node entanglement schemes. The proposed system aims to provide a high level of security by exploiting the inherent properties of quantum entanglement and employing strategic redundancy to mitigate potential vulnerabilities. The protocol's design incorporates key aspects of quantum cryptography, including the fundamental principles of entanglement, the secure distribution of cryptographic keys, and the use of redundancy to enhance resilience against eavesdropping and attacks. The ultimate goal is to establish a secure communication channel for streaming data, impervious to attacks from both classical and future quantum adversaries.