This paper reframes the qubit in Cohesion UFT terms. A qubit is not a superpositionin the Copenhagen sense. It is a metastable hexapolar-to-bipolar recursion deformation:an electron whose orbital recursion has been elongated enough to support a two-slip(n = 2) cycle rather than the natural six-slip (n = 6) cycle. Every qubit platform —superconducting loops, spin qubits, trapped ions, quantum dots, photonic encodings— achieves this by the same mechanism: breaking hexagonal symmetry through axialconfinement or pressure. Decoherence is the restoration of hexagonal symmetry by theenvironment. The coherence time T2 is the time before the natural hexapolar attractorreasserts itself. This interpretation explains why quantum computing is fundamentallyfragile and why it requires extreme isolation: the qubit is fighting the recursion’s ownattractor. Cohesion Computing, by contrast, uses the stable states directly and isprotected by the same geometric exclusion theorem that makes the qubit metastable.
This paper reframes the qubit in Cohesion UFT terms. A qubit is not a superpositionin the Copenhagen sense. It is a metastable hexapolar-to-bipolar recursion deformation:an electron whose orbital recursion has been elongated enough to support a two-slip(n = 2) cycle rather than the natural six-slip (n = 6) cycle. Every qubit platform —superconducting loops, spin qubits, trapped ions, quantum dots, photonic encodings— achieves this by the same mechanism: breaking hexagonal symmetry through axialconfinement or pressure. Decoherence is the restoration of hexagonal symmetry by theenvironment. The coherence time T2 is the time before the natural hexapolar attractorreasserts itself. This interpretation explains why quantum computing is fundamentallyfragile and why it requires extreme isolation: the qubit is fighting the recursion’s ownattractor. Cohesion Computing, by contrast, uses the stable states directly and isprotected by the same geometric exclusion theorem that makes the qubit metastable.
The Cohesion Unified Field Theory identifies the electron as a trapped bipolar (n = 2)recursion whose two torsion phases constitute a deterministic geometric binary. Thispaper defines the c-bit — the coherence bit — as the minimal computational unit derivedfrom this structure. Unlike the quantum bit (qubit), the c-bit is not a superpositionof basis states requiring probabilistic collapse for readout. It is a mechanical togglebetween two torsion phases, governed by the universal toggle threshold Φ = 32/(3π2−4).The c-bit inherits its stability from the same phase-locking geometry that sustainsferromagnetic order below the Curie temperature and its switching energy from thetorsion interval structure that determines particle masses. This paper derives the c-bitfrom electron recursion geometry, defines its stable and stressed states, establishes thebinary geometry, outlines engineering implementation constraints, compares the c-bitto the qubit, and identifies implications for deterministic computation.
I studied the Josephson junction system in the context of its usability for quan-tum computation. The zero-voltage state of a Josephson junction biased with constant current has a set of metastable quantum energy levels. In principle, it should be possible to use the two lowest states as a qubit for a quantum computer, provided both the dissipation time and coherence time of this qubit can be made long enough. I describe two methods for isolating a Josephson junction to increase its dissipation time. The rst is a resistive isolation scheme, for which I fabricated and measured a prototype system. I discuss the results of these measurements and show that the constraints of heating in conjunction with high-frequency design require-ments make it unlikely that this isolation method will lead to the coherence times required for quantum computation. I then discuss a resonant isolation method that I used to successfully increase the dissipation time of a Josephson junction qubit. I performed spectroscopic mea-surements at low temperatures to nd the coherence time of resonantly isolated 100 m2 Al/AlOx/Al and Nb/AlOx/Nb junctions with critical currents of roughly 10 A. The results of these measurements reveal two mechanisms beyond spontaneous emission for decoherence: low-frequency current noise and tunneling to the voltage state. To explain these results on decoherence, I present a model based on the Bloch equations. Going beyond a single qubit, I designed a capacitively coupled two-qubit system. Using spectroscopy, I showed that the energy level spacings between the ground state and the excited entangled states of the system agree with those calculated from the Schrodinger equation.
Quantum measurement is traditionally framed as a discontinuous, observer-dependentevent that selects a definite outcome from a superposition. Standard accounts —Copenhagen, Many Worlds, and decoherence theory (Zeh, Zurek) — describe thephenomenon accurately within their domains but do not provide a mechanical origin forthe timing or mechanism of collapse. This paper develops a mechanical reinterpretationwithin the Cohesion Unified Field Theory: collapse is structural time synchronizationbetween a quantum system and the observer’s measuring device. Structural time,defined as the recursion rate of a system’s internal structure, evolves differently forisolated quantum systems (fast recursion, low structural density) and macroscopicdevices (slow recursion, high structural density). Measurement is the boundary eventat which these recursion rates synchronize.The reflective signal account of collapse provides the physical timing: collapsecompletes when the return signal from the quantum system arrives at the device,not at the moment of initial interaction. The selected outcome is the one whoserecursion phase is compatible with the device’s torsion density structure at the momentof synchronization. This restores forward causality, resolves apparent retrocausalparadoxes, and unifies decoherence, entanglement, and measurement under a singlegeometric principle. This is the first account of quantum measurement within theCohesion UFT framework.
Quantum computing uses quantum bits (qubits) that take advantage of quantum mechanical effects like superposition and entanglement to do calculations that classical computers can't. One of the biggest problems with quantum computing is keeping qubit coherence, which is the ability of a qubit to keep its quantum state over time. Atomic systems, including neutral atoms, trapped ions, and atomic spin states, present promising solutions owing to their inherent quantum stability and precisely defined energy structures. This review looks at how atomic properties like electron spin states, atomic energy levels, isotopic purity, and interactions with electromagnetic fields can make qubit coherence better. The paper talks about different types of atomic qubit platforms, how coherence times are affected, and new technologies that are being developed to make quantum computers that can be used by many people and don't break down.
The central question that this project tries to address is the following: Dominance of binary logic in classical computing emerged from deep physical and engineering constraints. I ask if similar constraints force quantum computing toward qubits, or whether today's qubit dominance is merely historical and a temporary technological contingency? Quantum computing today appears to be converging on an architectural choice that reminds us of the trajectory of classical computing: the qubit. Nearly all commercial quantum computing platforms — including those developed by IBM, Google, and Amazon — are built around controllable two-level quantum systems. Superconducting circuits, trapped ions, and photonic encodings are engineered so that a two-dimensional Hilbert space functions as the computational unit. Yet quantum theory does not privilege two-level systems. This contrast between what current devices use and what the theory allows motivates a closer look at the higher-dimensional structures already present in quantum mechanics. The mathematical structure of quantum mechanics naturally accommodates arbitrary-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Atoms possess multiple accessible energy levels. Photons carry orbital angular momentum in high-dimensional spaces. Ions and superconducting circuits inherently support more than two levels. In laboratory settings, three-level systems (qutrits) and higher-dimensional qudits have already been implemented and studied with notable success, and I take these results as evidence that the restriction to qubits is a contingent design preference rather than a theoretical necessity. The working hypothesis guiding this project has been that very little appears to transfer from the classical case. Quantum information theory, noise mechanisms, and error correction principles differ fundamentally from their classical counterparts, I focus on how qudits exploit these differences.Therefore, it's possible that dominance of qubits today may reflect temporary engineering convenience and early platform momentum rather than theoretical inevitability.
Present-day computers are essentially non-quantum mechanical in operation. The logic gates of a classical computer are irreversible in nature. For easy understanding, elementary quantum mechanics is reviewed including the Schrödinger’s equation, the particle-in-a-box problem, state superposition and collapsing. Bloch sphere representation of a quantum bit is explained. The qubits display interesting properties of quantum superposition, entanglement and interference, characteristic of atomic and subatomic particles. Measurements carried out on qubits cause their wave functions to collapse forcing them into a definite 0 or 1 state. Qubit decoherence on interaction with the environment is a major problem in quantum computing Three types of quantum computing devices are discussed including silicon, superconducting and trapped qubit devices. Among silicon devices, gate-controlled silicon quantum dots and phosphorous donor implanted Si substrates are considered. Superconducting qubit archetypes and their realization techniques are explained. The transmon qubit design is preferred for charge noise mitigation. Under the trapped ion qubit devices, construction and operation of Paul ion traps is discussed, and the types of trapped ion qubits are elucidated.